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CHEMISTRYWEEK 16 to 20

L. R. InglishCanyon H. S.

Science G-101

JUST DO IT

4 PLUS 2

PERIODIC TABLE: Elements 3A – 8A

CHEMISTRY Mr. Inglish

LAB REPORT RUBRIC 11.1.11

Score GENERAL PURPOSE, PROCEDURE HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION LEARNING Questions and Data Appendix

5 The Lab Report is complete and professional in its appearance.

Purpose, Procedure and Hypothesis are all stated correctly and professional in their

appearance.

The Conclusion is clearly stated, precise and professional in its appearance.

The Statement of Learning is concise, precise and professional in its appearance.

The Questions and the Data are accurately completed and found in the Appendix.

One or more Appendices are present and properly used.

4Lab Report is neatly completed and stapled; all

parts of the Report are present. Sentence structure and grammar are appropriate.

Purpose, Procedure and Hypothesis are all present and stated correctly. The hypothesis is an 'educated guess" about one or more of

the Results.

Conclusion is clearly stated and is specific to the Laboratory Exercise performed.

Statement of Learning clearly states what student learned after completing the Lab

Report.

Questions and Data are complete, but may not be totally accurate. An Appendix present and is used properly.

3

The The Lab Number, Title, Student Name, Date and Period are present. The Report is stapled. All answers are in sentence form.

The Report may be missing one or two sections.

Purpose, Procedure and Hypothesis are all present and stated with minor errors. The

hypothesis is an 'educated guess" about one or more of the Results.

Conclusion is present and is specific to the Laboratory Exercise performed.

Statement of Learning is present and is a statement about what student learned after

completing the Lab Report.

Questions and Data are present, but may not be complete nor accurate.

An Appendix may be present, but may, or may not, be used properly.

2

The Title and/or Basic Information may be missing. All pages are uniform and Report is

stapled. Not all answers are in sentence form. Two or more sections may be missing.

Purpose, Procedure and Hypothesis are mostly present, but may be unclear or

incorrect.

Conclusion is present, but may not be specific to the Laboratory Exercise performed.

Statement of Learning is present, but is not actually a statement about what student learned after completing the Lab Report.

Questions and/or Data are present, but may not be complete nor accurate. An Appendix may, or may not, be present.

1Title and/or Basic Information may be missing. Generally, a messy report with many parts of

the lab missing or incomplete.

Purpose, Procedure and Hypothesis are unclear, incorrect or not stated. Conclusion may, or may not, be present. Statement of Learning may, or may not, be

present. Questions and Data are not present. An Appendix may, or may not, be present.

JUST DO IT

4 PLUS 2

WEEK 16…

4 + 2

TODAY 11/21/11

1. Daily Quiz and Journal Entry 10 min…

2. Summarize Cornell Notes 5 min…

Chapter 8: Molecular Bonding

DAILY QUIZ : Week 16

• 11/21/11• Electron configuration for Carbon• Lewis Dot Symbol for Carbon• Electron configuration for Oxygen• Lewis Dot Symbol for Oxygen• Using Lewis Dot Symbols, show how Carbon

Monoxide is bonded.

11/21/11 Homework

• Read Section 8.2• In the Chapter 8 Review Packet, answer

Sections 8.1 and 8.2.

DAILY QUIZ : Week 16• 11/22/11

• Define a Single Bond.• Define a Double Bond.• Define a Triple Bond.• What is a Coordinate Covalent Bond?• Show the electron configuration for Nitrogen and

Oxygen.• Draw the Lewis Dot Symbol for Nitrogen and

Oxygen.• Using Lewis Dot Symbols, show how Ammonia (NH3)

is bonded.

CLASSWORK 11/21/11

• Additional comments for the Drawing Lewis Structures Handout…

• The LESS electronegative element will usually be the central atom (exception: H).

• Now, follow the steps given in the handout.• CCl4

• NCl3

• PF5

DAILY QUIZ : Week 16• 11/22/11

• Define a Single Bond.• Define a Double Bond.• Define a Triple Bond.• What is a Coordinate Covalent Bond?• Show the electron configuration for Nitrogen and

Oxygen.• Draw the Lewis Dot Symbol for Nitrogen and

Oxygen.• Using Lewis Dot Symbols, show how Ammonia (NH3)

is bonded.

11/22/11 Homework

• Read Section 8.2• In the Chapter 8 Review Packet, answer

Sections 8.1 and 8.2.• Using Lewis Dot Symbols, draw Colonel

HOFBrINCl’s diatomic molecules.• Draw the covalent molecular structures

for the compounds in the Drawing Lewis Structures Handout.

CLASSWORK 11/21/11

• Review the Drawing Lewis Structures Handout…Sample Structures

• Discuss Carbon’s Bond Hybridization• Discuss Colonel HOFBrINCl and Diatomic

Molecules

DAILY QUIZ : Week 16• 11/23/11

• What type of bonds does Carbon have in CH4?

• What type of bonds does Carbon have in C2H4?

• What type of bonds does Carbon have in C2H2?

• What is a Coordinate Covalent Bond?• Describe the bond in CO (on the board) and

explain why?

11/23/11 Homework

• Read Section 8.2• In the Chapter 8 Review Packet, answer Sections 8.1 and 8.2.• Using Lewis Dot Symbols, draw Colonel HOFBrINCl’s diatomic molecules.• Draw the covalent molecular structures for the compounds in the Drawing

Lewis Structures Handout.

• Chapter 8 Vocabulary Review• Chapter 8 Practice Problems• Chapter 8 Chapter Quiz : Covalent Bonding

• Open Book…to be turned in on Monday for grading

• Chapter 7 & 8 Test on Tuesday• Lab on Wednesday• Chapter 7 & 8 Review for Test on Monday

CLASSWORK 11/23/11

• Review HONC and Colonel HOFBrINCl• Review the Drawing Lewis Structures

Handout … Review “difficult” problems

• Discuss Carbon’s Bond Hybridization

TODAYCHANGES

Cornell Notes: Lecture and HW

Portfolio Changes

END OF LECTURE…

REVIEW…

Name __________________________________________ Period _____

Date _________ Pressure ______ mmHg

Temperature _____ °C

Lab Titl e

Purpose:

Procedure:

Hypothesis:

Data:

Concluding Statement:

Statement of Learning:

Night before

Night before

Night before

Night before

Night before

Night before

Write: “See attached Flow Chart”

DAILY QUIZ : Week 17• 11/28/11

• How many unshared (non-bonded) pairs of electrons are in NF3?

• Describe the concept of “molecular polarity”. • Draw the Lewis Diagram for Hydrogen flouride, HF.

– Is it a covalent or ionic compound? Why?– Is it single, double or triple bonded? Why?

• Draw the Lewis Diagram for Carbon monoxide, CO.– Is it a covalent or ionic compound? Why?– Is it single, double or triple bonded? Why?

11/28/11 Homework

• Lab on Wednesday• Chapter 7 & 8 Test on Tuesday

• Journal of Assignments• Percentage Score/Missing

Assignments• Invitees to Study Session:

Lunch or After School TODAY

• Review Daily Quiz• Lecture: Bond

Hybridization

CLASSWORK 11/28/11

How many unshared (non-bonded) pairs of electrons are in NF3?

1. four2. one3. two4. ten5. twenty6. thirteen7. three8. no pairs

Describe the concept of “molecular polarity”.

1. atoms that are bonded together but haveunequal numbers of lone pair electrons.2. similarities in attractions for shared electrons when the electronic and molecular geometries are the same.3. the optimal Lewis dot structure for anypair of atoms.4. one atom of a bonded pair of atoms exerting a greater attractive force on the sharedelectrons.5. the number of electrons shared by anypair of atoms.

DAILY QUIZ : Week 17• 11/30/11

• What are the 8 most important things to include in the Lab Write up?

• What is the electron configuration for Ca atom?

• What is the electron configuration for Ca +2 ion?

11/28/11 Homework

• Lab on Today and Tomorrow• Read Chapter 9 section 1• Finish Evidence of Reaction Lab

Prep tonight.

• Daily Quiz• Journal of Assignments• Percentage Score/Missing

Assignments• Invitees to Study Session:

Lunch or After School TODAY

• Review Daily Quiz• Lecture: Bond

Hybridization

CLASSWORK 11/28/11

Name __________________________________________ Period _____

Date _________ Pressure ______ mmHg

Temperature _____ °C

Lab Titl e

Purpose:

Procedure:

Hypothesis:

Data:

Concluding Statement:

Statement of Learning:

Write the Purpose the night before.Translate the Procedure the night before.Write the Hypothesis the night before.Try to answer the Lab Questions the night before.

Write the Purpose the night before.Translate the Procedure the night before.Write the Hypothesis the night before.Try to answer the Lab Questions the night before.Write “See attached sheet for Flow Chart.”

Write “See attached sheet for Answers to Questions and Data Tables.”

Name __________________________________________ Period _____

Date _________ Pressure ______ mmHg

Temperature _____ °C

Lab Titl e

Purpose:

Procedure:

Hypothesis:

Data:

Concluding Statement:

Statement of Learning:

Write “See attached page for Flow Chart.”

Write the Hypothesis … “If ______, then _______ because _______.Try to answer the Lab Questions the night before.

Use a ruler for drawing Data Tables.

Write “

Family 1A Family 2A ALWAYS FORM IONIC COMPOUNDS

ALWAYS

Family 7A FORMS IONIC COMPOUNDS

ALWAYS

ALSO, THE TRANSITIONAL ELEMENTS WILL FORM IONIC COMPOUNDS … AND SOME COVALENT MOLECULES

The “COVALENT ZONE”… SIMILAR ELECTRONEGATIVITY CAUSES INCOMPLETE ELECTRON TRANSFER,THUS THE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED.

X

Mendel’s Genetics

Hybrid Sweat Peas

Red Sweet Pea White Sweet Pea

Pink Hybrid Sweet Pea

X

Angus Bull Hereford Cow

White Faced Hybrid Calf

X

Mule (burro), Jack

Horse, mare

X

Donkey

PROMOTION OF AN ELECTRON sp3

• When bonds are formed, energy is released and the system becomes more stable.

• If carbon forms 4 bonds rather than 2, twice as much energy is released and so the resulting molecule becomes even more stable.

• There is only a small energy gap between the 2s and 2p orbitals, and so it pays the carbon to provide a small amount of energy to promote an electron from the 2s to the empty 2p to give 4 unpaired electrons.

• Thus, the s and the p orbitals now become an sp3 whose electron cloud is similar to both the s and the p clouds.

So, the sp3

electron clouds look something like …

This orbital is 25% s-character and 75 % p-character.

σ bond

DAILY QUIZ : Week 17

11/29/111.Define an sp bond. 2.Define an sp2 bond. 3.Define an sp3 bond. 4.Can there be an sp4 bond?

Why?5.Draw the Lewis Dot Formula

for Water.6.Draw a hybrid of a Great Dane

and a Dachshund.

p orbitals

s orbit

sp3 hybrid orbitals Carbon

1s1

2sp3

pz Don’t Forget

I still have one empty

p orbital

Carbon

1s2

2s2

2p2

So, the sp3

electron clouds look something like …

This orbital is 25% s-character and 75 % p-character.

σ bond

sp3 Hybridization

End of show check

PROMOTION OF AN ELECTRON sp & sp2

• When bonds are formed, energy is released and the system becomes more stable.

• If carbon forms 4 bonds rather than 2, twice as much energy is released and so the resulting molecule becomes even more stable.

• There is only a small energy gap between the 2s and 2p orbitals, and so it pays the carbon to provide a small amount of energy to promote an electron from the 2s to the empty 2p to give 4 unpaired electrons.

• Thus, the s and the p orbitals now become an sp3 whose electron cloud is similar to both the s and the p clouds.

VALENCE-SHELL ELECTRON-PAIR REPULSION THEORY VESPER

• When bonds are formed, energy is released and the system becomes more stable.

• If carbon forms 4 bonds rather than 2, twice as much energy is released and so the resulting molecule becomes even more stable.

• There is only a small energy gap between the 2s and 2p orbitals, and so it pays the carbon to provide a small amount of energy to promote an electron from the 2s to the empty 2p to give 4 unpaired electrons.

• Thus, the s and the p orbitals now become an sp3 whose electron cloud is similar to both the s and the p clouds.

Bond Angle = 103.5°

DAILY QUIZ : Week 17• 11/29/11

• Draw the Lewis Diagram for sodium chloride, NaCl.– Is it a covalent or ionic compound? Why?– Is it single, double or triple bonded? Why?

• Draw the Lewis Diagram for Carbon dioxide, CO2.– Is it a covalent or ionic compound? Why?– Is it single, double or triple bonded? Why?

11/28/11 Homework

• Lab on Wednesday

• Journal of Assignments

• Chapter 7 & 8 Test• Lecture: Sigma Bonding

Pi Bonding

CLASSWORK 11/30/11

Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds s bonds & p bonds

• When bonds are formed, energy is released and the system becomes more stable.

• If carbon forms 4 bonds rather than 2, twice as much energy is released and so the resulting molecule becomes even more stable.

• There is only a small energy gap between the 2s and 2p orbitals, and so it pays the carbon to provide a small amount of energy to promote an electron from the 2s to the empty 2p to give 4 unpaired electrons.

• Thus, the s and the p orbitals now become an sp3 whose electron cloud is similar to both the s and the p clouds.

This orbital is 25% s-character and 75 % p-character.

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

An s orbital

An s orbital

A p orbital

A p orbital

Overlap of p orbitals

xy plane

yz plane

A triple bond

DAILY QUIZ : Week 17• 12/1/11

• What is the formula for Copper (II) chloride?• What is the formula for Copper (I) chloride?• What are you going to measure in today’s lab?• What two sets of data are you going to graph in the

lab?• When graphing, which axis plots the dependent

variable?

11/28/11 Homework

• Complete “Evidence of Interaction” Lab Report• Read Chapter 9.1

• Journal of Assignments• Percentage

Scorecard/Missing Assignments

• Daily Quiz• Lab: Evidence of

Interaction

CLASSWORK 11/30/11

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

DAILY QUIZ : Week 17• 12/2/11

• What is the formula for Copper (II) chloride?• What are 3 observations you made in the lab?• What are 2 interpretations you made in the lab?• What was your conclusion?• What was your learning statement?• Write the Single Replacement equation for Al and

CuCl2.• When graphing, which axis plots the dependent

variable?• List, in order, the pages in you Lab Report.

12/2/11 Homework

• Complete “Evidence of Interaction” Lab Report DUE MONDAY

• Chapter 9 Homework Packet• Read Section 9.5

• Journal of Assignments• Percentage

Scorecard/Missing Assignments

• Daily Quiz• Lab: Evidence of

InteractionHeat of Reaction Equation

• Review LectureChapter 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4

CLASSWORK 12/2/11

ΔH = Heat of Reaction

• ΔH = mC ΔT (Chapter 17)m = mass of substance being measured.C = specific heat of substance being measured.

Usually waterC = 4.18 Joules / g °CC = 1.00 calorie / g °C

ΔT = the change in temperature of substance being measured.

… ΔH = Heat of Reaction

• Now, just plug the data in…• Points to remember…

The mass, Specific Heat ( C ), and Temperature are of the SAME substance.

The units cancel out and you are left with Joules or calories (units of heat)

• All compounds have the cation names first …

• … then the anion.NaClMgO

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS9.2

• All non-metal ions end in --ide

• Left side of the table ALWAYS goes first

CaO … CaCl2 … K2S

… except carbonCH4 … CO …CO2 [Molecular

Compounds]

How do you balance ionic compounds?

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS9.2

DAILY QUIZ : Week 18• 12/5/11

• What is the formula for Copper (I) chloride?• What is the formula for Copper (II) chloride?• Write the Single Replacement equation for Al and

CuCl2.• What is the formula for Ammonium chloride?• Define the Law of Definite Proportion.

12/5/11 Homework

• Complete “Evidence of Interaction” Lab Report DUE MONDAY

• Chapter 9 Homework Packet

• Read Section 9.5• Chapter 9 : Vocabulary• Chapter 9 : Practice Problems• Chapter 9 Quiz TOMORROW

• Journal of Assignments• Percentage

Scorecard/Missing Assignments

• Lab Duties Descriptions• Daily Quiz• Lab: Evidence of

InteractionHeat of Reaction Equation

• Review LectureChapter 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4

CLASSWORK 12/5/11

• All compounds have the cation names first …

• … then the anion … except Carbon.

• Prefixes tell how many atoms are in the molecule.

• Mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- …

The number of atoms in the molecule = the subscript.Carbon dioxide …CO2

Carbonh TetrabromideDiphosphorus trioxide

NAMING MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

9.3

• Acids are a Hydrogen atom combined with a non-metal.

• When anion name ends in –ide …

… hydro- ________ -ic• When anion name ends in –ite

…… ________ -ous

• When anion name ends in –ate …

… ________ -ic-ous is less than -ic

NAMING Acids and Bases9.4

• Acids are a Hydrogen atom combined with a non-metal.

• When anion name ends in –ide …… hydro- ________ -ic

• Chloride … Hydrochloric acid• Flouride … Hydroflouric acid• When anion name ends in –ite …

… ________ -ous

• Sulfite … Sulfuric acid• Nitrite … Nitric acid• When anion name ends in –ate

…… ________ -ic-ous is less than -ic

NAMING Acids and Bases9.4

• Acids are a Hydrogen atom combined with a non-metal.

• When anion name ends in –ate …… ________ -ic

• Nitrate … Nitric acid• Sulfate … Sulfuric acid

• -ous is less than -ic

NAMING Acids and Bases9.4

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

NAMING Acids and Bases Quiz9.4

• Bases are when an (OH)-, hydroxide, is added to a cation.

NAMING Acids and Bases9.4

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

C CH

H

H

H

ethene

CH C H

acetylene

Sigma and Pi Bonding Video

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf