ChemistryYou will learn about:

•Matter

•pH Scale

•Chemistry of Cosmetics

Why Chemistry?The professional cosmetologist needs to

understand the chemicals he/she works with in order to:

- safely perform chemical services requested by clients,

- teach clients how to care for their hair following chemical services,

- and, sell products to their clients.

Matter• Anything that occupies

space; exist in 3 forms:– Solids – weight,

volume, shape– Liquids – weight,

volume, no shape– Gasses – weight,

indefinite volume and shape

Liquid

Gas

Organic Matter• Matter that is now living or was alive at

one time.– Ex. - Plants and animals

Plants and Mulch Humans Animals

Inorganic Matter• Matter that is NOT alive or has never been

alive; does not contain carbon.– Ex. – rocks, water, minerals

Rock – Granite Water Mineral - Quartz

Changes In Matter• Physical Change

– Change the characteristics without making a new substance.

• Ex. – Ice Melting

• Chemical Change– A change in a substance that

creates a new substance with chemical characteristics different from those of the original substance.

• Ex. – Rust – oxygen mixed with metal creates rust (or iron oxide)

Properties of Matter

1. Color

2. Odor

3. Weight (density)

4. Hardness or softness

Elementsthat make up hair# Element Symbol Form

6 Carbon C Solid

8 Oxygen O Gas

1 Hydrogen H Gas

7 Nitrogen N Gas

16 Sulfur S Solid

Atoms• Smallest complete unit of

an element– 3 parts – proton, neutron,

electron• Protons and neutrons

packed tight in center to form core or nucleus

• Electrons move about in orbiting paths at nearly the speed of light.

Nucleus• Proton

– Positive electrical charge (+) – gives atom its name.

• Neutron– No electrical charge – determines the weight of an

atom - neutral

• Electron– Negative electrical charge – makes it possible for

atoms to combine with other atoms to form bonds.

Molecule• Molecules form

when unstable atoms combine chemically by sharing electrons.

Chemical Bonds• Atoms combine

chemically to create compounds that eventually create protein of hair.

Amino Acids• Compounds of

C,O,H,N

• 22 Common amino acids

• Join together in chains to make proteins

Protein• Hair is made up of protein

called keratin

• Hair is 97% keratin and 3% trace minerals

• Hair contains 19 of 22 common amino acids.

Hydrogen Bond• Unlike charges attract.• Makes up about 35% of

hairs strength.• Individually very weak and

can easily be broken by heat or water to create physical (temporary) changes in the hair.

How it Works:• The hydrogen atom in one

molecule is attracted to an atom of another molecule that has many negative electrons.

Salt Bonds• This bond is a result of the

attraction of unlike charges.• Also broken by water to

create physical (temporary) changes in the hair.

How it Works:• Negative charge in one amino

acid grouping attracts the positive charge in another amino acid grouping.

How Hydrogen and Salt Bonds are Broken by Water

Water molecules can easily break hydrogen and salt bonds when the

water molecules move in between the bonds. When the water molecules are not present the hydrogen and bonds

come back together.

H H2O H H2O H H2O H H2O H H2O H

Hydrogen Bonds broken by water molecules

Disulfide Bonds• Sulfur containing side bond - Most

important to a Cosmetologist.• A chemical bond that forms between

protein structures; sulfur-type side chains join with other sulfur-type side chains to form disulfide bonds.

• Much stronger than hydrogen or salt bonds.

• Not broken by heat or water. Only a chemical change.– Example – permanent wave

van der Waal’s• Based on theory that atomic groups prefer

an environment with other groups that have structures similar to theirs.

• Not necessarily important for Cosmetologist, other than to know that it exists and plays a role in bonding of protein chains.

End Bonds(Peptide Bonds)

• Backbone of all protein molecules

• Links the amino acid protein chains together end to end.

• Do not disturb the end bond, this could destroy the protein structure.– If broken, protein chains separate into small

fragments, or revert to groups of amino acids that no longer have the characteristics of hair.

• RESULT – VERY DAMAGED HAIR!

Side Bonds• Link the long spiraling

protein chains together.

• Made up of hydrogen, salt and disulfide and Van der Waal’s forces.

Van der Waal’s

Label the Bonds

Stages of Hair Formation

1.Begins with individual atoms.

2.Unite to become molecules of amino acids.

3.Amino acids unite to form peptide or end bonds.

4. Amino acids create polypeptide protein chains.

5. The individual protein chains bond to other chains by hydrogen bond, salt bonds and disulfide bonds.

6. Hair

Hair Shaft

Cuticle Layer

Close Look at the Cuticle Layer

Chemistry Talking Points

The pH Scale

Conditioners & Shampoo Soap

Hair relaxers Hair

In this section you will learn what the pH scale is and it’s values associated with

water, acids and alkalines.

Potential Hydrogen• Abbreviation – pH

• Measures whether substance is acidic, neutral or alkaline

Water-Based Solutions• pH measures amount

of acid or alkali only in a water based solution.

• Only solutions containing water or solutions that can be dissolved in water can be acid or alkaline in value.

• Most products used in salon have water listed as main ingredient.

AcidMore positive hydrogen ions than negative

hydroxide ions

Acid

• 0 – 6.99 on pH scale• Skin and hair acid-balanced

at 4.5 – 5.5

Ex. Lemons and Conditioners

NeutralEqual number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

7.0

Ex. Water

Alkaline• More negative

hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.

Alkaline• 7.01 – 14 on pH scale Ex. Amonia and Hair Relaxer

pH Scale• Unit of measurement – determines if

substance is acid, neutral or alkaline.

• Ranges from 0 – 14

• 7 is Neutral

0 – 6.99• Acid range (orange)

• More positive hydrogen ions

7.01 - 14• Alkaline range (purple)

• More negative hydroxide ions

Testing pHpH Nitrazine Paper

pH Pencil

pH Meter

Acid Balanced• pH is in the same range

as skin and hair • 4.5 – 5.5

Ex. Acid Balanced Shampoo

pH Scale

Conditioners & Shampoo

Hair & Skin

4.5 to 5.5 Soap

Hair relaxers

Baby Shampoo

Chemistry of Cosmetics

• Cosmetic Classifications

–Based on how well a substance combines and its physical characteristics

Solutions• Mixture of 2 or

more kinds of molecules

–Do not separate

–Can be solid, liquid or gas

Suspensions• Mixture of 2 or

more kinds of molecules

• Separates

• Needs to be shaken

–Example: Vinegar and Oil

Emulsions• 2 or more non-mixable substances united

by a binder (gum).– Example: oil in water (perms)– Example: water in oil (cold cream)

Ointments• Mixture of organic

substance and a medicinal agent

• Semi-solid form

• No water

–Example: Lipstick

Soaps

Mixtures of fat and oil converted to fatty acids by heat and then purified.

Powders• Equal mixtures of

inorganic and organic substances that do NOT dissolve in water.

• Sifted and mixed until free of coarse grit.

Shampoo• Cleans the scalp

and hair

• Removes all foreign debris without adversely affecting scalp and hair.

How Shampoo Works• A push pull action is caused by a

surface active agent causing the oil to “roll up” into droplets that are lifted and rinsed away.

Surfactant•Surface active agent

•Has water loving and oil loving ends.

Water LovingOil Loving

Surfactant Molecule

The tail of the shampoo molecule is attracted to oil and dirt

Shampoo causes oil to roll up into small globules

During rinsing, the heads of the shampoo molecules attach to water

molecules and cause debris to roll off.

Thorough rinsing washes away debris & excess shampoo.

The Role of Water

• Universal solvent

• Neutral pH

• Hard water = minerals

–Hard to lather

• Soft water preferred (allows lather)

Types of Shampoos

All Purpose

• Low Alkaline

• Low surfactants

• Mild, does not strip color–Example: Redken Clear

Moisture

Plain• Usually strong

• High alkaline

• Not for chemically treated hair

• Follow with acid rinse– Ex: Baby shampoo

• Doesn’t burn eyes because it’s high in alkaline and so are eyes.

Soapless Shampoo• Able to lather

without harsh alkaline ingredient

• Works in soft and hard water

Acid - Balanced• Made to have same

pH as the skin and hair

• Will not strip color

Medicated• Often must have

prescription

• Designed to treat scalp and hair problems

Clarifying

• Removes residue

–Such as product build-up.

Anti-Dandruff• Control dandruff

• Massage scalp vigorously and rinse thoroughly

Liquid Dry• Used when client

can’t receive normal shampoo

• Works with wigs

• Evaporates from hair

• Very drying

Powder Dry• For bedridden

clients

• Orris root powder absorbs oil and dirt as product is brushed through the hair.

• Don’t use prior to chemical service.

Conditioning• Contain animal,

vegetable or mineral additives that enter cortex or coat cuticle.

• Improve strength and porosity.

Color• Contain temporary

color molecules that stick to outer cuticle of hair.

For Thinning Hair• Gentle

• Lighter molecular weight

• Provides healthy environment for hair growth.

Rinses and Conditioners

Appearance Rinses and

Conditioners give hair the appearance of Shine and Luster

PorosityPorosity - Amount of moisture in the

hair.

Hair Porosity is the ability of the hair to retain & absorb moisture, determined by how raised or compact the cuticle layers are.

Porosity Test

ManageabilityHow easily a comb passes through the

hair.

ElasticityThe hairs ability to stretch and return to its

natural shape without breaking.

Types of Rinses

Vinegar and Lemon Rinse

• Acid rinses

• Remove soap scum

• Counteract alkalinity.

Cream Rinse• Soften

• Add luster

• Only slightly acidic

Medicated RinseControl dandruff and minor scalp

conditions.

Conditioners

Instant Conditioner• Coat the hair shaft

• Restore moisture and oils

• Do NOT penetrate into the cortex

• Not for fine limp hair

Normalizing• Contain

vegetable protein

• Acidic pH causes cuticle to close after chemical services.

Body-Building• Required for

fine, limp hair• Deposits

protein• Can use prior to

chemical services

Moisturizing• Humectants bind

and hold moisture in the hair.

• Avoid use for several days following perm (may go limp)

Customized• Formulated to

meet special needs

• Ex. Moisture and color

Shampoo Web

What We Just Read Head to

Head Challenge

Chemistry Talking Points

WHAT WE JUST READ

HEAD TO HEADCHALLENGE