Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009

Chp. 21-1Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech

Introduction to Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryIntroduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@chem.latech.edu Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941;Office Hours: MTW 9:00 am - 11:00 am; TR 9:00 - 10:00 am & 1:00-2:00 pm.December 19, Test 1 (Chapters 12-14)January 2 Test 1 (Chapters 15-16)February 6 (Chapters 17-19)February 27, (Chapters 20 & 22)March 2, 2009, Make Up Exam:Bring Scantron Sheet 882-E

Chapter 21. Enzymes and Vitamins Chapter 21. Enzymes and Vitamins

SectionsSections

Chapter 21. Enzymes and VitaminsChapter 21. Enzymes and Vitamins

21.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes21.2 Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes21.3 Enzyme Structure21.4 Models of Enzyme Action21.5 Enzyme Specificity21.6 Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity21.7 Enzyme Inhibition21.8 Regulation of Enzyme Activity: Allosteric Enzymes21.9 Regulation of Enzyme Activity: Zymogens21.10 Antibiotics That Inhibit Enzyme Activity21.11 Medical Uses of Enzymes21.12 Vitamins21.13 Water-Soluble Vitamins21.14 Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Chapter 21. EnzymesChapter 21. Enzymes

Nomenclature and Classification

Activation Energy

Enzyme-Substrate Interaction

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Effect of pH and Temperature

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

BiologicalBiological CatalystsCatalysts

Typically very large proteins

Permit reactions to to “go” to conditions that the body can tolerate

Can process millions of molecules per second

Are very specific-react with one or only a few types of molecules (substrates).

Enzyme NomenclatureEnzyme NomenclatureNaming is easy compared to other organic compounds

Name is based on: -What it reacts with

-how it reacts

-add -ase- ending

Examples

lactase

enzyme that reacts with lactose

pyruvate decarboxylase

remove carboxyl group from pyruvate

Classification of EnzymesClassification of Enzymes

• Oxidoreductases: catalyze oxidation-reduction. • Transferases: transfer of functional groups. • Hydrolases: catalyze hydrolysis reactions.• Lyases: catalyse the removal of chemical groups.• Isomerases: catalyze isomerization reactions.• Ligases: catalyze formation of chemical bonds, join two

molecules

Effect of Enzyme on Activation EnergyEffect of Enzyme on Activation Energy

•Enzyme change howa reaction will proceed.

•This reduces the activation energy

•It makes it easier

Effect of Enzyme on Activation Energy

Effect of Substrate ConcentrationEffect of Substrate Concentration

• For non-catalyzed reactions

Reaction rate increase with concentration• Enzyme catalyzed reactions

Also increase but only to a certain point

VVmax max Maximum velocity

At VVmaxmax, the enzyme is working as fast as it can

Effect of Substrate ConcentrationEffect of Substrate Concentration

Characteristics of Enzyme Active SitesCharacteristics of Enzyme Active Sites

• Catalytic siteCatalytic siteWhere the reaction actually occurs.

•Binding siteArea that holds substrate in proper place.

Enzyme uses weak, non-covalent interactions to hold the substrate in place based on alkyl (R) groups of amino acids.

Shape is complementary to the substrate and determines the specificity of the enzyme.

Sites are pockets or clefts on enzyme surface.

Steps in Enzymatic ReactionsSteps in Enzymatic Reactions• Enzyme and substrate combine to form a complex• Complex goes through a transition state

-which is not quite substrate or product• A complex of the enzyme and the product is produced• Finally the enzyme and product separate

All these steps are equilibriaAll these steps are equilibria

Lets review each stepLets review each step

The PlayersThe Players

Formation of Enzyme-substrate ComplexFormation of Enzyme-substrate Complex

Formation of the Transition StateFormation of the Transition State

Formation of the Enzyme-Product ComplexFormation of the Enzyme-Product Complex

Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009

Documents

Transcript of Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009

Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2010-11 Chapter 14: …upali/chem121/slides/chapter-14...1 Chemistry 121, Winter 2011, LA Tech 14-1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry InstructorDr.

Chemistry 121: Atomic and Molecular Chemistry Midterm 2 November … · Chemistry 121: Atomic and Molecular Chemistry Midterm 2 November 9, 2012 Page 2 of 6 2) Calculate the wavelength

Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009

17-1 Chemistry 121, Winter 2011, LA Tech Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail:

Chemistry 281(01) Winter 2014

23rd Winter School in Theoretical Chemistry Actinide Chemistry · 23rd Winter School in Theoretical Chemistry Actinide Chemistry ... schemes including both scalar relativistic effects

Chemistry 227 General Chemistry Lab 1 Winter 2012 Lab

Chemistry 121: Atomic and Molecular Chemistry · 10/3/10 2 Chemistry 121: Atomic and Molecular Chemistry Topic 3: Atomic Structure and Periodicity Page 3 Wavelength - λ • “space”

1-1 Chemistry 121, Winter 2014, LA Tech Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail:

1-1 Chemistry 121, Winter 2012, LA Tech Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail:

Chemistry 121 – 122 Curriculum - New Brunswick · 2 Chemistry 121 – 122 Curriculum ... the Atlantic Canada Science Curriculum for Chemistry 11 and Chemistry 12, ... design an

AHVS 121 Understanding Visual Communication Winter 2017 ...ddudley/AHVS121_Understanding... · AHVS 121 Understanding Visual Communication Winter 2017 Assignment 7 ... using one of

16-1 Chemistry 121, Winter 2011, LA Tech Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail:

Chemistry 12A Organic Chemistry Winter 2016

Chemistry 121 Winter 17 - latech.eduupali/chem121/slides/GHW#8-Questions$Slides.pdf · February 23, 2017: Make Up Exam: Chapters 12-22) ... Questions & Slides Carbohydrates CHEM 121

Winter 2007SEG2101 Chapter 121 Chapter 12 Verification and Validation.

Amend 5087-4 F12.indb - MicroLab · Web viewChemistry 121 Experimental Chemistry Chemistry 121 Experimental Chemistry Electrochemistry Chapter 7 Electrochemistry Chapter 7 143 143

19-1 Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Chapter 19. Lipids Sections.

CPSC 121: Models of Computation 2009 Winter Term 1

18-1 Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@chem.latech.edu.