Chemical Reactions

Physical and Chemical Change

Law of Conservation of MassBalancing Equations

Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions are used in many ways in daily life.

A chemical reaction is the process by which a chemical change happens.

All chemical reactions are also accompanied by changes in energy

Chemical Reactions

Some chemical reactions absorb energy, such as in the chemical reactions that cook food.

Chemical Reactions

Other chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light and/or sound, such as the burning of wood in a campfire

Chemical reactions happen at different rates. Some chemical reactions are fast, such as when rocket fuel burns.

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

Other chemical reactions happen slowly, such as the formation of rust on a corroding bicycle chain.

The chemical reactions in your own body, which are keeping you alive, are among the fastest chemical reactions known.

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

Scientists are constantly working to find new kinds of chemical reactions in order to produce new substances with useful properties.

All chemical reactions involve the conversion of starting materials, called reactants, into new substances, called products. The products have different properties than the reactants.

Chemical Reactions

Physical Properties

A description of a substance that does not involve forming a new substance.

Examples: Colour Texture State Density Solubility Melting point

Chemical Properties

A description of what a substance does as it changes into one or more new substances.

Examples:CombustibilityCorrosionReaction with acidBleaching ability

Properties & Change

Properties are descriptions similar to an adjective: describes what the substance is like.

Change are descriptions similar to a verb: describes what the substance is doing

A physical change is the change in the state or form of a substance that does not change the original substance.

A physical change can result in new physical properties but not new chemical properties.

Physical Change

Classes of physical change:1. Change in state (includes

dissolving)2. Change in form

Example: Evaporation Cutting paper in half

Physical Change

A chemical change is the transformation of one or more substances into new substances with new properties

Chemical change

Presence of a new colourFormation of a precipitate

Visual Clues to a Chemical Change

Release of heat or light

Visual Clues to a Chemical Change

Production of gas or bubbles

ExampleReactants: Solid magnesium metal placed into a solution of hydrochloric acidClue: bubbles / gases Product: hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride

Visual Clues to a Chemical Change

A chemical reaction is often described by writing a chemical equation

Chemical Equations

A chemical equation uses either words or symbols and formulas to describe the changes that occur during a chemical reaction.

Chemical Equations

Every chemical equation must have: reactant product arrow directing reactant to product

Chemical Equations

For example, the chemical reaction between solid magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid is:

word equation:magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogenword equation:magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

formula equation:Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)formula equation:Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Chemical Equations

The chemical formulas in a chemical equation will often include:A. the state of matter of each substance

(s) = solid (l) = liquid (g) = gas (aq) = aqueous (substance is dissolved

in water)

Chemical Equations

Notice that hydrogen is expressed in the formula equation as H2. Recall that pure hydrogen exists as a diatomic molecule. (You will need to know which elements exist as molecules when writing formula equations)

word equation:magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogenword equation:magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

formula equation:Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)formula equation:Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Chemical Equations

B. one or more coefficients A coefficient is an integer that is placed

in front of the symbol of an element to show the ratios of the different substances that are present in the chemical reaction

Chemical Equations

For example, in the formula equation above, a coefficient of 2 is in front of the formula HCl. This means that Mg and HCl combine in a ration of 1:2

formula equation:Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)formula equation:Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Chemical Equations

In a chemical reaction, the mass of the products always equals the mass of the reactants.

In other words, the mass is conserved.

Law of Conservation of Mass

No atoms are destroyed and no new atoms are produced during a chemical reaction.

Instead, the atoms in the reactants are simply rearranged to form the products

Chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed, and the atom simply reconnect in new ways

Conservation of Mass

The rearrangement of atoms that occurs during a chemical reaction can be illustrated using models or diagrams.

For example:word equation: hydrogen + oxygen waterformula equation: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Conservation of Mass

In this equation, there are equal numbers of hydrogen atoms (4) and equal numbers of oxygen atoms (2) on both the reactants side and the products side.

formula equation: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Conservation of Mass

When the number of each kind of atom is the same in the reactants and products, the equation is said to be balanced.

formula equation: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Mass

A chemical reaction that is complete except for coefficients is called an unbalanced equation or skeleton equation.

Balancing Chemical Equations

To balance a chemical equation, begin by counting the number of atoms of each element in the skeleton equation.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance by placing coefficients in front of the chemical formulas.

Use only whole numbers as coefficients.

Check that the coefficients in the equation are the lowest common factor.

Never change a subscript in a formula to help make atoms balance!

Balance atoms of elements in any complicated looking formulas first and balance atoms of pure elements last.

H2H2

Balancing Chemical Equations

Balancing Chemical Equations

Hydrogen atoms and/or oxygen atoms will often appear in many or all of the formulas of the reactants and products.

When this is the case, balance other elements first, balance hydrogen second last and oxygen last.

You may be able to treat polyatomic ions as a unit.

Example: If NO3- appears in the reactants

and products of a skeleton equation, count the number of NO3

- groups rather than the number of N and O atoms separately.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:Balance the following chemical equation:

AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g) AlCl3(s) + Br2(g)1.) Count the number of atoms in the reactants

and products:

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g) AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)

Balance the number of bromine atoms by adding a coefficient of 2 in front of AlBr3 and a coefficient of 3 in front of Br2. Count the atoms again:

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g) AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)

The number of aluminum atoms is no longer equal.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)

Balance the number of aluminum atoms by adding a coefficient of 2 in front of AlCl3. Count the atoms again:

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)

The number of chlorine atoms is no longer balanced.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:2AlBr3(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)

Balance the number of chlorine atoms by adding a coefficient of 3 in front of Cl2. Count the atoms again:

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:2AlBr3(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)

The equation is balanced!

Balancing Chemical Equations

Try it!Balance the following chemical

equations:

1. Al + F2 AlF3

2. Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

3. CaCl2 + Na3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + NaCl

Balancing Chemical Equations

Try it!Balance the following chemical

equations:

1. 2Al + 3F2 2AlF3

2. Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

3. 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 +

6NaCl

Balancing Chemical Equations