Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards

The overall objective for this The overall objective for this module is that participants will module is that participants will extract and interpret chemical extract and interpret chemical hazard information from a Material hazard information from a Material Safety Data SheetSafety Data Sheet

OverviewOverview

Chemical terms and definitions that will Chemical terms and definitions that will help you when handling chemicalshelp you when handling chemicals

General properties of common General properties of common chemicals and how to handle them chemicals and how to handle them appropriatelyappropriately

How to use the Material Safety Data How to use the Material Safety Data Sheet to find information about a Sheet to find information about a chemicalchemical

ExpectationsExpectations

Identify three types of organic hydrocarbonsIdentify three types of organic hydrocarbons Identify the three major hazards associated with organic Identify the three major hazards associated with organic

compoundscompounds List the three main types of inorganic chemicalsList the three main types of inorganic chemicals Identify the major hazard associated with inorganic Identify the major hazard associated with inorganic

chemicalschemicals Identify the two chemical types indicated on the pH scaleIdentify the two chemical types indicated on the pH scale Identify a corrosive material based on the OSHA Identify a corrosive material based on the OSHA

definitiondefinition Use the Material Safety Data Sheet to find information Use the Material Safety Data Sheet to find information

about a chemicalabout a chemical

What

Are

Chemicals?

Periodic Table of the ElementsPeriodic Table of the Elements

Chemical SymbolsChemical Symbols

CalciumCalcium CaCa Carbon Carbon CC OxygenOxygen OO

Combine to formCombine to form

Calcium Carbonate CaCO3Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

A Chemical Compound!A Chemical Compound!

Two Major Chemical GroupsTwo Major Chemical Groups

OrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

Organic ChemicalsOrganic Chemicals

Based on the chemistry of carbonBased on the chemistry of carbon Hydrocarbons are the root of most Hydrocarbons are the root of most

organic chemicalsorganic chemicals

Organic ChemicalsOrganic Chemicals

Aromatic HydrocarbonsAromatic Hydrocarbons

• Benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthaleneBenzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene Halogenated HydrocarbonsHalogenated Hydrocarbons

• Freon, CFC’S, and PCB’SFreon, CFC’S, and PCB’S Phosphorylated HydrocarbonsPhosphorylated Hydrocarbons

• OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates Oxygenated HydrocarbonsOxygenated Hydrocarbons

• Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acidsAldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids

Hazards of Organic ChemicalsHazards of Organic Chemicals

Most are flammableMost are flammable

• Characteristics such as flashpoints lower and Characteristics such as flashpoints lower and upper flammability and autoignition upper flammability and autoignition temperatures should be knowntemperatures should be known

Most are anestheticsMost are anesthetics

• They should always be used in well-ventilated They should always be used in well-ventilated spacesspaces

Some are carcinogensSome are carcinogens

• Toxicity limits should be known and appropriate Toxicity limits should be known and appropriate personal protective equipment worn personal protective equipment worn

Inorganic ChemicalsInorganic Chemicals

AcidsAcids BasesBases SaltsSalts

cleaner

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acid BaseNeutral

Increasing strength ( H ) Increasing strength (OH )+_

pH Scale

pH Scale

Identifying AcidsIdentifying Acids

Acids have a pH less than 7Acids have a pH less than 7 High concentration of HHigh concentration of H+ + ionsions Turn litmus paper redTurn litmus paper red Taste tartTaste tart React with metals to form hydrogen React with metals to form hydrogen

gasgas

Identifying BasesIdentifying Bases

Bases have a pH greater than 7Bases have a pH greater than 7 Low concentration of HLow concentration of H++ ions ions Turn litmus paper blueTurn litmus paper blue Taste bitterTaste bitter Have a slippery, soapy feelHave a slippery, soapy feel

Identifying SaltsIdentifying Salts

Salts are one or more metal ions Salts are one or more metal ions combined with one or more nonmetal combined with one or more nonmetal ionsions

Formed when an acid and base react Formed when an acid and base react with one another with one another

May be toxic and contain heavy May be toxic and contain heavy metalsmetals

Hazard of Inorganic Hazard of Inorganic ChemicalsChemicals

CorrosiveCorrosive• The second most commonly used and The second most commonly used and

transported group of hazardous transported group of hazardous materials.materials.

• ““Any liquid that has a severe corrosion Any liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on steel”.rate on steel”.

Hazard of Inorganic Hazard of Inorganic ChemicalsChemicals

CorrosiveCorrosive

OSHA Definition:OSHA Definition:• ““A chemical that causes visible A chemical that causes visible

destruction of, or irreversible destruction of, or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of chemical action at the site of

contact.” contact.” 

Properties of ChemicalsProperties of Chemicals

Physical properties - Can be measured Physical properties - Can be measured Chemical properties - How a chemical Chemical properties - How a chemical

will reactwill react

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

VolatilityVolatility Boiling pointBoiling point Vapor pressureVapor pressure

• Measure of pressure that a gas/vapor will exert Measure of pressure that a gas/vapor will exert on the inside of a closed containeron the inside of a closed container

• Measured in mm of mercury or inches of Measured in mm of mercury or inches of mercurymercury

• As temperatures rise the vapor pressure As temperatures rise the vapor pressure increasesincreases

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Evaporation rateEvaporation rate Melting / Freezing pointMelting / Freezing point Specific gravitySpecific gravity

• Water = 1Water = 1• Less than one is less dense and will Less than one is less dense and will

float in waterfloat in water• More than one is more dense and will More than one is more dense and will

sink in watersink in water

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Vapor DensityVapor Density• When the gases and vapors are compared to When the gases and vapors are compared to

normal room air (air = 1)normal room air (air = 1)

• Any gas or vapor that has a number less Any gas or vapor that has a number less than one is less dense and will rise in airthan one is less dense and will rise in air

• Any gas or vapor that has a number larger Any gas or vapor that has a number larger than one is more dense and will sink in airthan one is more dense and will sink in air

SolubilitySolubility Chemical CompatibilityChemical Compatibility

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

pH pH • It is a scaleIt is a scale• Low and high numbers are corrosiveLow and high numbers are corrosive

FlashpointFlashpoint• Minimum temperature at which a Minimum temperature at which a

substance gives off vapor sufficient to substance gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with airform an ignitable mixture with air

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Flammable - Flashpoint below 141Flammable - Flashpoint below 14100 F F Combustible -Combustible - FFlashpoint above 141lashpoint above 1410 0 F F

and below 200and below 20000 F F

Ignitable - Flashpoint less than 141Ignitable - Flashpoint less than 1410 0 F F

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Lower Flammable Limit (LFL or LEL) and Lower Flammable Limit (LFL or LEL) and Upper Flammable Limit (UFL or UEL)Upper Flammable Limit (UFL or UEL)

• Are the range of chemical vapor to air ratio Are the range of chemical vapor to air ratio that needs to exist before a chemical will that needs to exist before a chemical will igniteignite

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Lower Flammable Limit Lower Flammable Limit • Lowest concentration, by volume in air, Lowest concentration, by volume in air,

which will explode, ignite, or burn when which will explode, ignite, or burn when there is an ignition sourcethere is an ignition source

Upper Flammable LimitUpper Flammable Limit• Maximum concentration, by volume in Maximum concentration, by volume in

air, which will explode, ignite, or burn air, which will explode, ignite, or burn when there is an ignition sourcewhen there is an ignition source

FiresFires

Three elements Three elements necessary for a fire to necessary for a fire to occur:occur:• Oxidizer (promote burning)Oxidizer (promote burning)

• Fuel (something to burn)Fuel (something to burn)

• Ignition sourceIgnition source

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

OxidizersOxidizers PyrophoricPyrophoric Water reactiveWater reactive

OxidizersOxidizers

Chemicals that contain oxygen and Chemicals that contain oxygen and will give it up readilywill give it up readily

May cause or enhance the May cause or enhance the combustion of other materialscombustion of other materials

PyrophoricPyrophoric

Solids and liquids spontaneously Solids and liquids spontaneously ignite in air at certain temperaturesignite in air at certain temperatures

Water ReactiveWater Reactive

Chemicals become spontaneously Chemicals become spontaneously flammable or give off flammable or flammable or give off flammable or toxic gas when in contact with watertoxic gas when in contact with water

Chemical ReferencesChemical References Material Safety Data SheetsMaterial Safety Data Sheets The Chemical DictionaryThe Chemical Dictionary Product LabelProduct Label Farm Chemical HandbookFarm Chemical Handbook Poison Control CenterPoison Control Center

Material Safety Data Sheets Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)(MSDS) OSHA RequirementsOSHA Requirements

• IdentityIdentity• Physical and Chemical CharacteristicsPhysical and Chemical Characteristics• Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards• Health HazardsHealth Hazards• Routes of EntryRoutes of Entry• PEL and TLVPEL and TLV

OSHA RequirementsOSHA Requirements• CarcinogenicityCarcinogenicity

• Precautions for Safe Handling and UsePrecautions for Safe Handling and Use

• Control MeasuresControl Measures

• Emergency and First Aid ProceduresEmergency and First Aid Procedures

• Date of PreparationDate of Preparation

• Name, Address, Phone Number of Name, Address, Phone Number of PreparePrepare

Material Safety Data Sheets Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)(MSDS)

Understanding types of Understanding types of chemicals, properties, potential chemicals, properties, potential hazards, and use of reference hazards, and use of reference materials will enable you to materials will enable you to handle chemicals safely and handle chemicals safely and appropriatelyappropriately