Post on 22-Feb-2016
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– MUST CONTAIN THE
ELEMENT CARBON– MOST CONTAIN THE
ELEMENT HYDROGEN– MANY CONTAIN OXYGEN
AND NITROGEN
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS– IF A SUBSTANCE IS NOT
ORGANIC, THEN…
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT, AWESOME, AMAZING INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT MATTERS THE MOSTEST?
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WATER – THE IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUND– THE MAJORITY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CAN
OCCUR ONLY IN WATER!!– UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF WATER
BECOMES ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE– REGIONS WITH PARTIAL
POSITIVE AND PARTIALNEGATIVE CHARGES
• BECAUSE OF THISPOLARITY, WATER HASSOME UNIQUE PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• WATER PROPERTIES INCLUDE– COHESION– SURFACE TENSION– ADHESION– CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY
ACTION)
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– CARBON OFFERS
INCREDIBLE FLEXIBILITY IN THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
– THERE ARE 4 MAJORGROUPS OF ORGANICCOMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– CARBOHYDRATES– LIPIDS– PROTEINS– NUCLEIC ACIDS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• CARBOHYDRATES– COMPOUNDS OF CARBON,
HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN– ALWAYS HAVE THE SAME
RATIO OF HYDROGEN TO OXYGEN (2:1)
– MONOSACCHARIDES(SIMPLE SUGARS)
– CHEMICAL NAMES OFSUGARS ALMOST ALWAYS END IN “-OSE”
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– THE PROCESS BY WHICH
MOLECULES CAN BE BONDED TOGETHER
– OCCURS THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE AND FUSING THE RESULTING SUBSTANCES TOGETHER
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– WHEN JOINING TWO MONOSACCHARIDES
TOGETHER, THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A DISACCHARIDE
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– WHEN MULTIPLE SIMPLE
SUGARS ARE JOINED TOGETHER THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A POLYSACCHARIDE
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• IF MOLECULES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER, THEY MUST ALSO BE ABLE TO BE BROKEN APART
• THIS PROCESS IS CALLED HYDROLYSIS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS– CONSIST OF THE SUBSTANCES COMMONLY
CALLED FATS, OILS, AND WAXES– CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN…
HOWEVER, NOT IN THE SAME RATIO AS CARBOHYDRATES
– FORMED THROUGH THE FUSION OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID MOLECULES
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS– SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FATS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LIPIDS– CHOLESTEROL• A SPECIAL TYPE OF LIPID
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• NUCLEIC ACIDS– DNA VS RNA– SUBUNITS ARE CALLED
NUCLEOTIDES– WILL DISCUSS THIS
MORE IN FUTURE CHAPTERS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• PROTEINS– COMPOUNDS THAT
CONTAIN NITROGEN, ALONG WITH CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
– THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS ARE CALLED AMINO ACIDS(A.K.A. PEPTIDES)
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• PEPTIDES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER BY…• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– RESULTS IN
DIPEPTIDES– RESULTS IN
PEPTIDEBONDS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• SINCE THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS, AND THEY CAN BE PUT TOGETHER IN ANY COMBINATION WHEN FORMING POLYPEPTIDES, THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE PROTEINS IS HUGE!!
• THEREFORE, THEY SERVE ENDLESS FUNCTIONS!!
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IS WHEN THEY ACT AS ENZYMES!!!!!!
• ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS, BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES.
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ENZYMES– PROTEINS THAT ARE
NECESSARY FOR MOST OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN LIVING CELLS
– ACT AT ORGANIC CATALYSTS• A CATALYST IS A SUBSTANCE
THAT SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CHANGED ITSELF
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ENZYMES– THE SUBSTANCE THAT
THE ENZYME REACTS WITH IS CALLED THE SUBSTRATE
• WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE?
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• HOW ENZYMES WORK?– ACTIVE SITE
• SPOT ON ENZYME WHERE SUBSTRATE BINDS
– TWO THEORIES ON ENZYME ACTION• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL• INDUCED FIT MODEL
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL– SUBSTRATE’S SHAPE
MATCHES EXACTLY WITH ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME
– THEREFORE, ONLYONE SUBSTRATE CAN EVER REACT WITH AN ENZYME
– THEY ARE HIGHLYSPECIFIC!!
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• INDUCED-FIT MODEL
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• ENZYMES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIVING THINGS BECAUSE THEY MAKE METABOLIC PROCESSES POSSIBLE
• SO, WE SHOULD KNOW MORE ABOUT ENZYMES!!
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTION– CONCENTRATION OF
EITHER SUBSTRATE OR ENZYME
– TEMPERATURE– PH– PRESENCE OF
COENZYMES
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• REMEMBER, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!!
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF BUILDING BLOCKS
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE
• BUT ONLY PUTTING THE RIGHT ONES TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT WAY, WILL BUILD A LIVING THING!!
• UP NEXT, LEARNING ABOUT WHAT THOSEBUILDING BLOCKSHELP MAKE!!