CHEM STRY

Periodic Properties

Covalent Bonding

HybridizeMolecular

ShapesReasons to

BondIonic

Bonding

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Polyatomic Ions

Predicting Shapes

Photon emission

Periodic Regions

Dem Bonds

Dem Names

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Final Jeopardy

Polyatomic

Ions

This is where ammonia get’s the extra hydrogen and the

positive charge to form ammonium when it’s dissolved in water.

Final JeopardyWhat is from water?

A small number of water molecules auto-ionize into H+ and OH– and the H+ joins with the lone pair on nitrogen.

This the area of the periodic table in which elements both

a) tend to become anions- and -

b) are among the most reactive.

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What is the area around chlorine?

This the area of the periodic table in which elements both

a) tend to become cations - and -

b) are among the most reactive.

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What is the area around sodium and potassium?

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What are metals and non-metals?

When these kinds of elements bond together in binary

compounds, they are almost always ionic.

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What are non-metals?

When these kinds of elements bond together in binary

compounds, they are almost always covalent.

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What are all column IA elements EXCEPT hydrogen?

These are the alkali metals.

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What is to decrease potential energy or increase stability by filling orbitals?

This is the reason why non-metals bond together.

This is how many electrons an orbital needs to be as stable as it

can be or to have the lowest amount of potential energy.

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What is 2?

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What is 3?

This the maximum number of atoms with which a nitrogen atom can bond covalently.

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What is a double bond?

This the kind of bonding that occurs when an atom shares 4 electrons with another atom.

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What are sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds?

A double bond must have one of each of these.

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What an sp3 hybridization?

This is the hydridization of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine when they have only

single bonds.

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What is sp hybridization?

This is the hydridization of the carbon in carbon dioxide

(CO2).

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What an sp2 hybridization?

This is the hydridization of the oxygen in carbon dioxide

(CO2).

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What an sp hybridization?

This the hydrization on almost any atom which is triple bonded to another

atom.

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What is an sp2 hybridization?

This is the hybridization of a boron (B) atom that is bonded

to only 3 hydrogen atoms.

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What is a tetrahedral?

The electron pair shape of phosphorous trichloride.

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What is trigonal pyramidal?

This is the molecular shape of phosphorous trichloride.

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What is sp3 hybridization?

This the hybridization of phosphorous in phosphorous

trichloride.

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What is trigonal bi-pyramidal?

This the molecular shape of phosphorous pentachloride?

This is why nitrogen cannot combine with 5 chlorine

atoms while phosphorous, which is in the same family,

can.

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What is that nitrogen does not have a d-sublevel while phosphorous does?

Orbitals, sublevels, and valence electron levels—like the entire

universe—will tend to shift toward this kind of stability.

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What is higher stability?

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What is higher stability?

This is the kind of stability that orbitals have when they

have a pair of electrons.

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What is the potential energy is lowered?

This is what happens to potential energy when a

sublevel is full of electrons.

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What is that potential energy is lowered?

This is what happens to potential energy when a

valence electron energy level is filled with electrons?

This is the term used to describe the number of electrons needed to fill the valence level of most

elements.

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What is an octet?

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What is a neutral charge?

This is the kind of overall charge that an ionic

compound will have.

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What is to reach a state with a full set of electrons in a new valence level?

This is the reason why metals tend to loose electrons in

ionic bonds.

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What is to reach a state with a full set of electrons in a new valence level?

This is the reason why non-metals tend to loose electrons

in ionic bonds.

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What is a 2+ charge?

This is the charge that metals obtain when they give away 2

electrons.

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What is a 1+ charge?

This is the charge that ALL alkali metals obtain in an

ionic bond.

These are the polyatomic ions that a very small number of waters atoms automatically

form.

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What are the hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH) ions?

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What is a charged particle made up of 2 or more covalently bonded particles?

This is the definition of a polyatomic ion.

This is why ammonia forms ammonium in water.

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What is that free protons share the lone pair of electrons on the ammonia and covalently

bond to the nitrogen creating orbital and charge stability?

This is how polyatomic ions achieve charge stability?

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What is to be in a crystal, bond, or solution with oppositely charged ions?

This is the kind of bonding that occurs between the atomic particles inside a

polyatomic ion.

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What is covalent bonding?

This is the 1st step that a student scientist should do when

attempting to predict the shape of a simple molecule.

$400What is to write the electron dot notation of

the atoms and circle the electrons that might pair up (i.e. the sharing

arrangement)?

This is what a student scientist should do to predict molecular

shapes once the sharing arrangement of electrons is

predicted.

$800What is to write a Lewis dot formula (or squeeze the shared electrons between the

atoms involved)?

This is the kind of formula a student scientist should use to predict an electron pair shape.

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What is the Lewis dot formula?

This is what a student scientist should do to predict the molecular

shape of a molecule from the modified electron pair shape.

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What is to erase the lone pairs of electrons leaving the shared pair geometry alone?

This is the shape of a molecule which has 6 atoms covalently bonded to a central atom with

no lone pairs of electrons.

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What is an octahedral?

This is why electrons in an atom only emit specific

frequencies of light.

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What is quantum behavior?

This is the kind of energy that electrons respond to when they are promoted to higher energy

states.

$800What is energy with a sympathetic

wavelength?

This is the reason we use the Bohr model of the atom to teach the

quantum model and spectroscopy even though we know it’s wrong.

$1200What is that it’s simple?

-or-What is the real model is too complex for high school chemistry?

These photons result from electrons that have the

greatest drop in energy within an atom’s electron cloud.

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What is higher energy photons, shorter wavelength photons, or photons from the

ultraviolet end of the spectrum?

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What is infrared light or light wit very long wavelengths?

This light, which humans cannot see, results from

electrons dropping very short quantum levels.

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What are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium?

— or —What are all the elements in column one except

hydrogen?

Collectively, these elements make up the alkali metals.

Collectively, these elements make up the alkaline-earth

metals.

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What are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium?

— or —What are all the elements in column two?

Collectively, these elements make up the halogens.

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What are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine?

— or —What are all the elements in column seven?

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What are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium?

— or —What are all the elements in column six?

Collectively, these elements make up the chalcogens.

Collectively, these elements make up the inner transition

metals.

$2000What are the elements with atomic numbers 58

through 71 and 90 through 103?— or —

What are all the elements in bottom two rows of the periodic table?

This the molecular shape of a simple molecule in which

there are 2 sigma bonds and 2 lone pairs of electrons on the

central atom.

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What is bent?

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What is a wiener or cigar shape?

This is the shape of a sigma (σ) bond.

This is the shape of a pi (π) bond.

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What is a hot dog bun?— or —

What are 2 weiner shapes on opposite sides of the (sigma) bond?

This is where all covalent bonds are found in

relationship to the atoms they are bonding.

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What is on OR around the axis between the 2 atoms involved in the covalent bond?

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What is 109.5°?

This is the angle between all the bonds in a tetrahedral

molecule.

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What is “Valence-shell Electron-pair Repulsion?”

This is the full name for the acronym “VSEPR.”

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What is to hybridize?

This is what some of the valence level electrons in the s and p sublevels must do for

covalent bonding to occur.

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What are lone pairs?

Unshared electrons are also called this.

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What is covalent bonding?

This is the sharing of electrons.

$2000

What are Lewis structures?— or —

What are Lewis diagrams?

Lewis formulas are also known as this.

Daily Double

What is the Greek language?

The language from which chemists draw letters to name

types of bonds.

Daily Double

What is a sigma (σ) bond?

A covalent bond—whether or not it is a single, double, or triple bond—it always has

this kind of bond?

This is why lone pairs of electrons are always located on an equatorial position in a trigonal bipyramidal

modified electron pair shape.

Daily Double

What is lone pairs take up more space than shared pairs of electrons?

The Jeopardy champion!