Chapter23 - Pregnancy and Development

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Chapter 23

Pregnancy and Pregnancy and Human DevelopmentHuman Development

FertilizationFertilization

How long can sperm remain viable within the female reproductive tract?A. As long as 72 hoursB. As long as 6 daysC. 24 hoursD. 14 hours

Correct answer: B

Rationale:The egg is viable for 24 hours, and it takes 72 hours for the egg to reach the uterus.

GestationGestation Ranges from conception until birth

(266 days) Divided into trimesters:

First trimesterFirst trimester: First 12 weeks Second trimesterSecond trimester: Weeks 13 through 24 Third trimesterThird trimester: Week 25 until birth

Prenatal developmentPrenatal development Preembryonic stagePreembryonic stage: First 16 days Embryonic stageEmbryonic stage: Third until eighth

week Fetal stageFetal stage: Eighth week until birth

Preembryonic stagePreembryonic stage

View animation on fertilization and implantation

ImplantationImplantation

The product of conception is at which stage when it implants in the uterus?A. EmbryoB. ZygoteC. MorulaD. Blastocyst

Correct answer: D

Rationale:The product of conception is known as an embryo from the third until the eighth week, a zygote at the time of fertilization, and a morula when it first enters the uterine cavity.

Embryonic stageEmbryonic stage

Yolk sac

Allantois

Amnion

Chorion

Placenta and umbilical cordPlacenta and umbilical cordLacunae

Function of the placentaFunction of the placenta

Fetal waste

Oxygen, nutrients, & antibodies

Fetal Fetal circulationcirculation

View animation on fetal circulation

What is the function of the foramen ovale?A. Divert blood from the right to the left atrium B. Divert blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cavaC. Divert blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta D. Shunt blood from the umbilical artery to the umbilical vein

Correct answer: A.

Rationale:The ductus venosus diverts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to bypass the liver. The ductus arteriosus diverts blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta to bypass the lungs. There is no shunt from the umbilical artery to the umbilical vein.

Fetal developmentFetal development

4 weeks

8 weeks

12 weeks

20 weeks

36 weeks

When is the fetus capable of gas exchange?

A.16 weeks gestationB.36 weeks gestationC.28 weeks gestationD.22 weeks gestation

Correct answer: C

Rationale:Although the respiratory system is immature at this stage, it is capable of gas exchange.

Physical changes with Physical changes with pregnancypregnancy

Nausea and vomiting Constipation Heartburn ↑ basal metabolic rate

Digestive Digestive systemsystem

↑ maternal blood volume ↑ cardiac output Hemorrhoids, varicose veins, foot

swelling

Circulatory Circulatory systemsystem

↑ ventilation Shortness of breath

Respiratory Respiratory systemsystem

Salt and water retention ↑ urine output Frequent urination (later in

pregnancy)

Urinary systemUrinary system

Skin stretches over abdomen and breasts

Uterus enlarges dramatically

Integumentary system & uterusIntegumentary system & uterus

Why does maternal cardiac output increase by 30% to 40% by the 27th week?

A.Because the fetus needs bloodB.Because of the demands of the uterusC.Because of the demands of the placentaD.Because the fetus needs more oxygen

Correct answer: B

Rationale:As the uterus expands, it demands a greater blood supply.

ChildbirthChildbirth Probable triggers:

Decline in progesterone Release of oxytocin Uterine stretching

Stage 1: Dilation of cervixStage 1: Dilation of cervix

Stage 2: Expulsion of babyStage 2: Expulsion of baby

Stage 3: Delivery of Stage 3: Delivery of placentaplacenta

LactationLactation

Progesterone stimulates development of acini

Estrogen stimulates growth of ducts

Anterior pituitary →Prolactin→ Milk production

Posterior pituitary→ Oxytocin →Milk secretion

Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the mammary glands?A. EstrogenB. OxytocinC. ProlactinD. Progesterone

Correct answer: C

Rationale:Estrogen stimulates the growth of ducts throughout the mammary glands. Progesterone stimulates the development of acini at the ends of the ducts. Oxytocin is responsible for the secretion of milk.

Chapter23 - Pregnancy and Development

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