Post on 11-Jan-2016
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Chapter Two
The Pursuit of an Ideal Diet
I. The ABC’s of Eating for Health
A. Characteristics of a good diet plan (ABCMV)
1. Adequacy: Provides all of the essential nutrients, fiber & energy (calories) in amount sufficient to maintain health.
2. Balance: Provides a number of types of foods in balance with one another, so that foods rich in one nutrient do not crowd out of the diet foods that are rich in another nutrient.
Cont’d
3. Calorie Control: Control of consumption of energy (calories).
4. Moderation: Provides no unwanted food or nutrient in excess.
VARIETY
Different foods are used for the same purpose on different occasions
B. Nutrient Density
A food that supplies large amounts of nutrients relative to the number of calories it contains is nutrient dense.
The higher the level of nutrients and the fewer the calories, the more nutrient dense the food is.
II. The Nutrients
Nutrients are substances obtained from food and used in the body to promote growth, maintenance & repair.
a. Classes
b. Essential vs. Nonessential
c. Energy-yielding Nutrients
d. Vitamins, Minerals & Water
A. The Six Classes of Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates2. Fat3. Protein4. Vitamins5. Minerals6. Water
B. Essential vs. Nonessential
Essential nutrients are those that must be obtained from food because the body can’t make them for itself.
Approximately 40 nutrients are known to be essential
C. Energy-Yielding Nutrients
Energy: capacity to do work Calorie: unit used to measure energy Energy-yielding nutrients include:
– Carbohydrates (4 calories per gram)– Fat (9 calories per gram)– Protein (4 calories per gram)
Although not considered a nutrient, alcohol also contributes calories to the body (7 calories per gram)
D. Vitamins, Minerals & Water
Vitamins & Minerals– Do not supply energy, or calories, to the
body– Regulate the release of energy and other
aspects of metabolism
Vitamins: organic, or carbon-containing, essential nutrients vital to life & needed in
minute amounts
Water solubleThe B
vitaminsVitamin C
Fat soluble vitamins – D– A– E – K
Cont’d
Minerals: inorganic compounds, some of which are essential nutrients
Water– Provides the medium for all life
processes in the body– Approximately 60% of the body’s weight
is water
III. Nutrient Recommendations
A. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) Estimate the nutritional requirements of
healthy people Include separate recommendations for
different groups of people of a specific age & gender
Encompasses four sets of values:
Cont’d
1. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA):
daily dietary intake levels sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of approximately 98% of healthy people
2. Adequate Intakes (AI):
the amount of a nutrient thought to be adequate for most people; used when EAR & RDA can not be determined
Cont’d
3. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR): the amount of a nutrient that meets the requirement of 50% of the people of a particular age & gender
4. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL): the maximum amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to pose risk of harm in healthy people when consumed daily; intake above the UL can be harmful
B. RDA for Calories
RDA set at the mean, not above, to ward off greater chance for obesity
Calorie RDA calculated for the reference man & woman
IV. The Challenge of Dietary Guidelines
Provide only general guidelines for calorie intake
Do not address the hazards of nutrient excesses
DIETARY GUIDELINES
Dietary Guidelines for Americans: 10 Things to Know
www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines
V. SMART SNACKING
VI. Tools Used in Diet Planning
A. Food Group Plans Tool that group foods according to similar
origin & nutrient content Specifies the number of foods from each group
a person should eat Provides a pattern for diet planning to ensure
adequacy & balance The Four Food Group Plan The Food Guide Pyramid Canada’s Food Guide
Cont’d
B. Exchange Lists Lists of foods with portion sizes
specified The foods on a single list are similar
with respect to nutrient & calorie content & therefore can be mixed & matched In the diet
Provide help in food selection for calorie control, moderation & variety
Cont’d
C. Food Composition Tables Tables that list the nutrient profile of
commonly eaten foods Includes number of calories, grams of
fat, milligrams of sodium, etc.
VII. Food Labels
A. Required Information Name of the product (statement of
identity) Name & address of the manufacturer Net contents in terms of weight,
measure or count Ingredients list with items listed in
descending order by weight The Nutrition Facts Panel, unless the
package is too small
Cont’d
B. Nutrition Fact Panel Serving or portion size Servings or portions per container Calories per serving Calories from fat The amounts of total fat, saturated fat,
cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium & iron
Cont’d
C. Daily Values Compares the amounts of specific
nutrients in one serving to the amount recommended for daily consumption
Provided for both a 2,000-calorie diet & a 2,500-calorie diet
The daily values for vitamins & minerals are calculated using the RDI’s
Cont’d
D. Nutrient & Health Claims Nutrient content claims: claims such as
“low-fat” & “low-calorie” used on food labels to give consumers an idea of a food’s nutritional profile without having to look at the Nutrition Facts Panel These claims must adhere to specific
definitions established by the Food & Drug Administration
Cont’d
– Health Claims: a statement on the food label linking the food to a reduced risk of a particular diseaseThe claim must be supported by
scientific evidenceThese claims must adhere to specific
definitions established by the Food & Drug Administration
Health Claims
Calcium-rich foods and osteoporosis Low-sodium foods and reduced risk of high
blood pressure Low-fat diet and reduced risk of cancer A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and
reduced risk of heart disease High fiber foods and reduced risk of cancer
Health Claims (cont)
Soluble fiber in fruits, vegetables and grains and reduced risk of heart disease
Soluble fiber in oats and psyllium seed husks and reduced riak of heart disease
Fruit and vegetable-rich diet and reduced risk of cancer
Folate-rich foods and the reduced riak of neural tube defects
Sugar alcohols and reduced risk of tooth decay
Health Claims (cont)
Soy protein and reduced risk of heart disease Whole-grain goods and reduced risk of heart
disease and certain cancers Plant stanol and plant sterol esters and heart
disease Potassium and reduced risk of high blood
pressure and stroke