Post on 27-Dec-2015
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ALAT Presentations Study Tips
Drug Therapy
Analgesics = pain relieversaspirin, Tylenol®, morphine, buprenorphine
Anesthetics = make animals unconscious.methoxyflurane, halothane, isoflurane, ketamine,
pentobarbital
Antibiotics = reduce no. of microorganisms. penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin
Anti-inflammatory drugs Cortisone - aka steroids reduce swelling, itching & pain
prednisone, dexamethasone and many other related drugs
NSAIDs have fewer side effects than steroids. aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen
Antiparasitics = kill parasites living on or in host.
Drug Therapy II
Anthelmintics - eliminate worms thiabendazole, piperazine & ivermectin
Insecticides - kill parasites on skin & furavailable as sprays, liquids, powders, dips... carbaryl, pyrethrins & various organophosphates
Antiprotozoals - kill protozoan parasitesMetronidazole is a commonly used antiprotozoal.
Tranquilizers - used before anesthetic to reduce amount of anesthetic neededacepromazine, diazepam, xylazine
Drugs could alter experimental results.Health programs focus on prevention, not treatment.
Methods of Drug Dosing
Certain anesthetics inhaled as a vapor or gas.Blood vessels in lungs absorb vaporized anesthetics &
carry them to brain, where primary action occurs.
Topical drugs or chemicals applied directlycreams, ointments, aqueous solutions, tinctures,
powders & spraysAquatics treated by adding medication to tank.
Oral drugs mixed in feed or water or inserted directly into mouth. Instilled into esophagus or stomach by gavage.
Suppositories for insertion in rectum of lg. animalDissolved & taken into body through membranes.
Methods of Drug Dosing II
Parenteral = administration of drugs by means other than through gastrointestinal system.Allows drugs to enter bloodstream more directly.
Technique chosen depends on: speed of absorption its effect on the tissuesvolume to be injected technical skill required
Intramuscular (IM) - injected into large muscle mass It is absorbed into the blood vessels in muscle around
injection site.
Methods of Drug Dosing III
Intravenous (IV) - into a large vein Subcutaneous (SC or SQ) - into area between skin
and underlying musculature Intradermal (ID) - into dermal layer of skin, slow
systemic absorption takes place Intraperitoneal (IP) - into abdominal cavity
Prevent accidental injection into internal organs. IP injection used in rodents which lack sizeable muscles
or blood vessels for injection.
Intracardiac (IC) - directly into heartUsed when drug must be rapidly administered.Risk that pericardium or heart muscle could be lacerated.
(Images) Parenteral Dosing
Intracardiac (IC)
Intraperatoneal (IP)
Intradermal (ID)
Subcutaneous (SC or SQ)
Intravenous (IV)
Treatment Record Keeping
Helps plan strategies to treat abnormal conditions or prevent disease outbreaks.Helps investigators interpret & analyze test results.
Supports personal interpretations w/ specific data. Health report form, treatment form, surgery form, log
book, animal’s health record If a mistake is made, a SINGLE line is used to cross
out mistake, & technician places initials beside error. ALL entries in a record should have
correct date & initials of person
making entry.
Diseases of Laboratory Animals
Some facilities have particular animal colony health problems often identified in that facility.
Technicians should review these common health problems w/ facility veterinarian.
Review signs, treatments & reporting procedures to ensure all common disease problems are promptly noted & appropriate animal care provided.
Diseases of Laboratory Animals II
Signs of skin disorders caused by trauma, microbes or infestation w/ external parasites are alopecia, pruritus, & rough hair coat.
Signs of respiratory diseases caused by bacterial or viral microbes are coughing, discharge, dyspnea, listlessness, sneezing.
Signs of gastrointestinal disease commonly associated with parasites, toxic chemicals & microbial infection are anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, listlessness, loss of weight, prolapse, stunted, vomiting.
Diseases of Laboratory Animals III
Physical trauma often a result of animal fights or accidents i.e. bleeding, paralysis.
Metabolic disturbances caused by genetic factors, nutritional problems, and toxic substances or other less obvious factors are anorexia, listlessness, loss of weight.
Additional Reading
Fox, J.G., B.J. Cohen, and F.M. Loew (eds.) Laboratory Animal Medicine. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. 1984.
Harkness, J.E. and J.E. Wagner. The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents, 4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1995.
Hrapkiewicz, Karen, Leticia Medina, and Donald D. Holmes. Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An Introduction, 2nd Ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997.