Post on 28-Mar-2015
Chapter Seven
Patrol: The Backbone of Policing
*Police in America
*Patrol: The Backbone of
Policing
*Patrol: The Backbone of
Policing
Function of Patrol
Crime prevention
Maintain feelings of public safety
Available for service
*Patrol: Delivery of Police Services
Organization and Delivery of PatrolNumber of Officers
Distribution of Officers
Assignments
Location – Hot Spots
*Patrol: The Number of
Officers
*Police-Population Ratio
*Large Departments – 2.6/1,000 population
*Missouri - ?
*Patrol: The Number of
Officers
City Pop
Total lawenforcementemployees
Totalofficers
Totalcivilians
Top Five - Missouri CitiesBellerive 250 22 21 1 84Pasadena Park 452 22 21 1 46.46Oakland 1,544 71 59 12 38.212Randolph 54 2 2 0 37.037Uplands Park 432 11 9 2 20.833
Bottom Five - Missouri CitiesTipton 3,278 3 3 0 0.9152New Franklin 1,093 1 1 0 0.9149Maysville 1,120 1 1 0 0.8929
Country Club Village 2,437 2 2 0 0.8207Oran 1,247 1 1 0 0.8019
Average of Missouri Cities 3.46
*Patrol: The Number of
Officers
City Population
Total lawenforcem
entemployee
sTotal
officers
Totalcivilian
s # Officers/1,000Kansas City 483,191 1,993 1,404 589 2.91St. Louis 355,151 1,920 1,363 557 3.84Springfield 157,110 357 285 72 1.81Independence 121,141 302 204 98 1.68Columbia 103,417 189 158 31 1.53Lee's Summit 87,707 188 132 56 1.51O'Fallon 81,851 136 107 29 1.31St. Joseph 75,922 158 115 43 1.51St. Charles 65,729 155 111 44 1.69St. Peters 56,518 110 86 24 1.52Blue Springs 56,226 119 87 32 1.55Joplin 50,346 156 111 45 2.20 Average Cities above 50,000 population 1.92
*Patrol: Officers Assigned to
Patrol
*Assigned to Patrol – 50 - 80%
*Small communities
*Larger communities
*Patrol: Distribution of
Officers
*Put officers:
*Where they are needed
*When they are needed
*Poor parts of town
*Usually more crime
*Patrol: Distribution of
Officers
*Frequent vs. Infrequent Rotation of Shifts/Beats
*Corruption Measure
*Familiarity
*“is deleterious to the physical and psychological health of the individual and to the well being of the organization.”
*Patrol: Hot Spots
*Crime is not committed randomly
*Officers should not be placed randomly
*When do you need them?
*Where do you need them?
*Types of Patrol
How effective are these?
PatrolFootAutoMotorcycleBicycle
*Foot PatrolFlagstaff, Arizona P.D.
*Bicycle PatrolPennsylvania Capital Police Bike Patrol
*Motorcycle PatrolMaumee Police Department
Maumee, Ohio
*Automobile Patrol
Carbon E7
*Patrol Car(Carbon E7)
*BMW inline-6 turbo-diesel rear wheel drive
*Six-speed automatic transmission
*Performance
0-60 mph 6.5 secs
Quarter Mile 4.5 secs@98 mph
Top Speed 155 mph
Fuel Economy 28-30 mpg
*Patrol Car(Carbon E7)
Durability 250,000 mile 75 mph rear impact crash Cockpit - fitted law enforcement equipment
ballistic protection (front doors and dash panel)
*Reverse backup camera
*360 degree surveillance
*License plate recognition Night vision interior
*Infrared system
Chevrolet
Caprice PPV`Dodge Charger
Pursuit
Ford Police Interceptro
Sedan
Ford Crown Victoria Police
InterceptorCarbon E7
0-60 5.7 5.6 5.3 7.6 6.5Quarter Mile - Time 14.2 14.1 13.9 15.8 14.5
Quarter Mile - Speed 101 102 100.9 88.9 98
Some of you had doubts as to the accuracy of the speed of the Carbon E7.
It would help if I had placed a 1 in front of the time of 4.5, making it 14.5 seconds.
The E7 looks very competitive with the Caprice, Charger and Ford police packages.
Rumor has it that the Carbon E7 may cost around $80,000.
Don’t worry about the “worst” of these cars, it hasn’t been produced since 2008.
Carbon E7
I might even ask several questions concerning this vehicle to see who is looking at it.
*TWO OFFICER CARS?
*One Person Patrol Units
*One person patrol units – 89%
*Efficient
*2X More Area
*2X Calls
*One person
*Less resisting arrest / Assaulted less / More arrests / More crime reports
*Types of Patrol: Advantages vs. Disadvantages
Type of Patrol
Percent Used
Personal Contact
Patrol Coverage
Inclement
Weather
Automobile
84% Less Good Yes
Foot 4% Much more
Poor No
Motorcycle
5% More Moderate No
Bicycles 4% Much more
Poor No
*Style of Patrol - Individual
Dispatched Activity
Based upon call to the P.D.
Officer-Initiated Activity
Based upon officer’s initiative
*Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q.
Wilson)
Watchman Style
Emphasis on Order maintenance
Ignore “little stuff”
Tough on crime
Officer is given great latitude
*Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q.
Wilson)
Legalistic Style
Emphasis on law enforcement
More traffic tickets
Juvenile taken into custody
Use little things to find bigger things
*Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q.
Wilson)
Service Style
Often informal intervention
Deal with a broad array of problems
Community relations and public education are important
*Effectiveness of Patrol
Kansas City Preventative Patrol ExperimentControversial results
Challenged traditional assumptions about patrol
Newark Foot Patrol ExperimentCrime
Citizen attitudes
Kansas City Response Time Study
*Effectiveness of Patrol
Kansas City Response Time Study80-90% reported too slowly to help
Discovery/Reporting – Victim controlled
Processing – Dispatcher controlled
Travel – Officer controlled
Usually you’re already too late
Dis
covery
Tim
e
Report
ing T
ime
Pro
cess
ing
Tim
e
Travel ti
me
At-
scene
Tim
e
*Effectiveness of Patrol
Improving Patrol Differential Response to calls
(Immediate/delay/none)
Telephone Reporting Units (Reports over the phone)
311 Nonemergency Numbers (Reduces patrol work)
Non-English 911 Call Services
Reverse 911
Computers and Video Cameras
Police Aids or Cadets
Directed Patrol (Go where the crime is to patrol)
*The Communications Center
Modern Communications Technology
Information ProcessingPrioritizing CallsOperatorsDispatchers 911 Systems
*911 System
Only ½ of all calls to 911 result in a dispatchOperators ask questions of callersOperators assess situationOperators decide how many and which officers to
dispatch Patrol officers responding to calls experience great
uncertainty
*Police Research
Historical ContextCalls for ServiceSystematic Study of Police Patrol
Response Time