Post on 26-Dec-2015
Chapter One
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Relationship Between Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: study of the structure and shape of the body and their relationship to one another
Physiology: study of how the body and its parts work or function
STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION
• Anatomy can be divided into gross and microscopic:– Forms of Gross Anatomy• Surface anatomy – study of superficial marking• Regional anatomy – study of specific area• Systemic anatomy – study of system• Developmental anatomy – study changes from conception
to physical maturity.– Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions• Cytology – study of cell• Histology – study of tissue
The Specialties of Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
• All vertebrates share a basic pattern of
organization, most noticeable during
embryology.
• Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms
• Physiology can be divided into the following specialties:– Cell physiology – study of cell– Special physiology - study of specific organ– Systemic physiology – study of system– Pathological physiology – study of the effect of
disease on cell, tissue, organ and system.
The Specialties of Physiology
Levels of Organization
Organ Systems
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Characteristics of Life
1.Responsiveness a. permits an organism to sense, monitor, and respond to changes in its
external environmentb. highly developed in nerve and muscle cells
2.Conductivity
a. capacity of living cells and tissues to selectively transmit or propagate
a wave of excitation from one point to another within the bodyb. highly developed in nerve and muscle cells
3.Growth a. normal increase in size or number of cellsb. produces an increase in size (person, organ, part)c. little change in the shape
4. Respirationa. Involves processes in absorption, transport, utilization, or
exchange of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment
b. Internal vs. external
5. Digestiona. Complex food products are broken down into simpler substances
that can be absorbed and used by organism
6. Absorptiona. Movement of digested nutrients through the wall of the digestive
tube and into body fluids for transport to cells
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7.Secretion a. Production and delivery of specialized substances (digestive juices, hormones) for diverse body
functions
8.Excretiona. Removal of wastes produced during body functions
(breakdown and use of nutrients in the cell)
9.Circulationa. Movement of body fluids and many other substances
(nutrients, hormones, waste products) from one body area to another
10.Reproductiona. Formation of new individual and new cells (cell
division)b. Permits growth, wound repair, and replacement of
dead/aging cells
What is Metabolism?
• Metabolism – describes the various processes by which life is made possible
- breakdown of nutrients - produce energy- transform one material into
another- required to make complex carbs
out of simple carbs
How can you remember the list?
• I am walking to McDonalds (movement)• I stop at the traffic light (response)• My body is growing (growth)• I am breathing air (respiration)• My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption)• The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation)• The hamburger is changed to things my body needs
(assimilation)• Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion)• Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)
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Anatomical Position/Bilateral Symmetry
Anatomical Position – erect; palms, head and feet forward
Bilateral Symmetry – right and left sides are mirror images
General Organization
• Axial= Head, neck, trunk• Appendicular= Arms and legs
Regional Terms
Anterior: front
Posterior: back
Directional Terms
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Directional Terms
Superior – toward the headInferior – toward the feetAnterior/ventral – frontPosterior /dorsal– backMedial – toward the midlineLateral – toward the side/away from midlineProximal – toward or nearest the trunk or
point of originDistal – away from or farthest from trunk or
point of originSuperficial – nearest the surfaceDeep – farther away from surface
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Body Planes
Sagittal – lengthwise, front to back, divides body into left and right sides,
* Midsagittal (sagittal section in middle)
Coronal/Frontal – lengthwise, side to side, divides body into anterior and posterior portions; frontal plane
Transverse – crosswise, divides body or parts into upper and lower parts; horizontal plane
• Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs– Cavities protect vital organs– Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size
• Two body cavities– Dorsal body cavity (back side) includes the cranial
cavity and the spinal cavity– Ventral body cavity (front side) includes the thoracic
cavity (chest) and the abdominopelvic (stomach and lower abdomen) cavity
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
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Abdominopelvic Regions4 Quadrants
Doctors divide torso into quadrants to describe the site of pain and/or locate internal pathology (tumor)
1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Abdominal RegionsSuperficial Organs
1. Right hypochondriac – right lobe of liver, gallbladder
2. Epigastric – right and left lobes of liver, stomach2. Left hypochondriac – stomach, large intestine
3. Right lumbar – large and small intestine5. Umbilical – transverse colon, small intestine
6. Left lumbar – small intestine, colon7. Right iliac – cecum, small intestine
8. Hypogastric – small intestine, bladder, appendix9. Left iliac – colon, small intestine
Homeostasis• Homeostasis is a stable internal environment
• Every organism must maintain homeostasis for survival
• Homeostatic regulation is responsible for keeping internal environment within certain limits.
• Internal environment (ie. body temp, pH, glucose level)• External environment (ie. Weather, fluid surrounding cells)
Two general points:
• Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation – results when cell, organ
or system adjusts its activity automatically.
• Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of nervous system or
endocrine system
• A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of :– A receptor – senses an environmental change or
stimuli.– A control center –processes information supplied by
receptor and generates a response (command)– An effector – an organ or cell that responds to the
command of control center.• A variation outside the desired range triggers an
automatic response to correct the situation– Negative feedback
Homeostatic regulation involves
Afferent= approaches
Efferent= exits
Negative Feedback
• Chief regulators of homeostasis under normal, healthy conditions.
• A rise in any given value creates a reaction to lower it until it becomes too low– This causes negative feedback to initiate
responses to raise it again.• Negative does not mean ‘bad’, it just means
that the actions stops.
Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature
Negative feedback: system is shut off
•In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition. For instance:
• Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals.
• Chemicals will trigger blood clotting
• Clotting process increases release of chemicals
• More chemicals means accelerated clotting
• Accelerated clotting means more chemicals
Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
Positive feedback: reaction continues at a faster rate
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Negative Feedback
• Inhibitor
• Oppose change by creating response opposite in direction of initial disturbance change – temperature drop response – heat production initial disturbance – temp fall below normal set point
• Stabilize physiological variables
• Maintain constant internal environment
•Ex: goosebumps, sweating
Positive Feedback
• Stimulatory
• Amplifies/reinforces change which can be harmful and disastrous
• Cause instability and disrupt homeostasis (continuous temp increase)
• Ex: sneezing, birth of baby, immune response to infection, blood clot