CHAPTER Fuel Cells and Advanced Technologies 43 Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All...

CHAPTER

Fuel Cells and Advanced Technologies

AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL AND ENGINE PERFORMANCEENGINE PERFORMANCE

Automotive Electrical and Engine Performance, 7eJames D. Halderman

Figure 43.1 Figure 43.1 Ford Motor Company has producedFord Motor Company has produced a number of demonstration fuel-cell vehicles based a number of demonstration fuel-cell vehicles based

on the Ford Focus.on the Ford Focus.

Figure 43.2 Figure 43.2 Hydrogen does not exist by itself in nature.Hydrogen does not exist by itself in nature.

Figure 43.3 Figure 43.3 The Mercedes-Benz B-Class fuel-cellThe Mercedes-Benz B-Class fuel-cellcar was introduced in 2005.car was introduced in 2005.

Figure 43.4 Figure 43.4 The Toyota FCHV is based on the The Toyota FCHV is based on the Highlander platform and uses much of Toyota’s Hybrid Highlander platform and uses much of Toyota’s Hybrid

Synergy Drive (HSD) technology in its design.Synergy Drive (HSD) technology in its design.

Figure 43.5 Figure 43.5 The polymer electrolyte membrane allows The polymer electrolyte membrane allows only H+ ions (protons) to pass through it. only H+ ions (protons) to pass through it.

Figure 43.6 Figure 43.6 A fuel-cell stack is made up of hundredsA fuel-cell stack is made up of hundredsof individual cells connected in series.of individual cells connected in series.

Figure 43.7 Figure 43.7 A direct methanol fuel cell uses a A direct methanol fuel cell uses a methanol/ water solution for fuel instead of methanol/ water solution for fuel instead of

hydrogen gas.hydrogen gas.

Figure 43.8 Figure 43.8 A direct methanol fuel cell can be refueled A direct methanol fuel cell can be refueled similar to a gasoline-powered vehicle.similar to a gasoline-powered vehicle.

Figure 43.9 Figure 43.9 Powertrain layout in a Honda FCXPowertrain layout in a Honda FCX fuel-cell vehicle. fuel-cell vehicle.

Figure 43.10 Figure 43.10 The Honda FCX uses one large radiatorThe Honda FCX uses one large radiator for cooling the fuel cell and two smaller ones on either for cooling the fuel cell and two smaller ones on either

side for cooling drivetrain components.side for cooling drivetrain components.

Figure 43.11 Figure 43.11 Space is limited at the front of the Toyota Space is limited at the front of the Toyota FCHV engine compartment, so an auxiliary heat FCHV engine compartment, so an auxiliary heat

exchanger is located under the vehicle to help cool the exchanger is located under the vehicle to help cool the fuel-cell stack.fuel-cell stack.

Figure 43.12 Figure 43.12 The secondary battery in a fuel-cell hybrid The secondary battery in a fuel-cell hybrid vehicle is made up of many individual cells connected vehicle is made up of many individual cells connected

in series, much like a fuel-cell stack.in series, much like a fuel-cell stack.

Figure 43.13 Figure 43.13 The Honda ultracapacitor module and The Honda ultracapacitor module and construction of the individual cells.construction of the individual cells.

Figure 43.14 Figure 43.14 An ultracapacitor can be used in placeAn ultracapacitor can be used in place of a high-voltage battery in a hybrid electric vehicle. of a high-voltage battery in a hybrid electric vehicle.

Figure 43.15 Figure 43.15 Drive motors in fuel-cell hybrid vehicles Drive motors in fuel-cell hybrid vehicles often use stator assemblies similar to ones found in often use stator assemblies similar to ones found in

Toyota hybrid electric vehicles.Toyota hybrid electric vehicles.

Figure 43.16 Figure 43.16 The General Motors “Skateboard” concept The General Motors “Skateboard” concept uses a fuel-cell propulsion system with wheel motors at all uses a fuel-cell propulsion system with wheel motors at all

four corners.four corners.

Figure 43.17 Figure 43.17 The electric drive motor and transaxle The electric drive motor and transaxle assembly from a Toyota FCHV. assembly from a Toyota FCHV.

Figure 43.18 Figure 43.18 The power control unit (PCU) on a Honda The power control unit (PCU) on a Honda FCX fuel-cell hybrid vehicle is located under the hood.FCX fuel-cell hybrid vehicle is located under the hood.

Figure 43.19 Figure 43.19 Toyota’s FCHV uses a power control unit Toyota’s FCHV uses a power control unit that directs electrical energy flow between the fuel cell, that directs electrical energy flow between the fuel cell,

battery, and drive motor.battery, and drive motor.

Figure 43.20 Figure 43.20 This GM fuel-cell vehicle uses compressed This GM fuel-cell vehicle uses compressed hydrogen in three high-pressure storage tanks.hydrogen in three high-pressure storage tanks.

Figure 43.21 Figure 43.21 The Toyota FCHV uses high-pressure The Toyota FCHV uses high-pressure storage tanks that are rated at 350 bar.storage tanks that are rated at 350 bar.

Figure 43.22 Figure 43.22 The high-pressure fitting used to refuelThe high-pressure fitting used to refuela fuel-cell hybrid vehicle.a fuel-cell hybrid vehicle.

Figure 43.23 Figure 43.23 Note that high-pressure hydrogenNote that high-pressure hydrogenstorage tanks must be replaced in 2020.storage tanks must be replaced in 2020.

Figure 43.24 Figure 43.24 GM’s Hydrogen3 has a range of GM’s Hydrogen3 has a range of 249 miles when using liquid hydrogen.249 miles when using liquid hydrogen.

Figure 43.25 Figure 43.25 Refueling a vehicle with liquid hydrogen.Refueling a vehicle with liquid hydrogen.

Figure 43.26 Figure 43.26 Carbon deposits, such as these, are Carbon deposits, such as these, are created by incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel.created by incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel.

Figure 43.27 Figure 43.27 Both diesel and conventional gasoline Both diesel and conventional gasoline engines create exhaust emissions due to high peak engines create exhaust emissions due to high peak temperatures created in the combustion chamber.temperatures created in the combustion chamber.

Figure 43.28 Figure 43.28 After the Chevrolet Volt has been charged, After the Chevrolet Volt has been charged, it uses the electrical power stored in the high-voltage it uses the electrical power stored in the high-voltage battery to propel the vehicle and provide heating and battery to propel the vehicle and provide heating and

cooling for 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km).cooling for 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km).

Figure 43.29AFigure 43.29A The Chevrolet Volt is charged using The Chevrolet Volt is charged usinga standard SAE 1772 connector using either 110 or a standard SAE 1772 connector using either 110 or

220 volts. 220 volts.

Figure 43.29BFigure 43.29B After connecting the charging plug, a After connecting the charging plug, a light on the top of the dash turns green and the dash light on the top of the dash turns green and the dash

display shows the estimated time when the high-voltage display shows the estimated time when the high-voltage battery will be fully charged and the estimated current battery will be fully charged and the estimated current

range using battery power alone.range using battery power alone.

Figure 43.30 Figure 43.30 The SAE J 1772 plug is used on most The SAE J 1772 plug is used on most electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and is electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and is

designed to work with Level 1 (110 to 120 volt) and designed to work with Level 1 (110 to 120 volt) and Level 2 (220 to 240 volt) charging.Level 2 (220 to 240 volt) charging.

Figure 43.31 Figure 43.31 A Nissan Leaf electric vehicle charging A Nissan Leaf electric vehicle charging ports located at the front of the vehicle under a hinged ports located at the front of the vehicle under a hinged

door for easy access.door for easy access.

Figure 43.32 Figure 43.32 A typical wind generator that is used to A typical wind generator that is used to generate electricity.generate electricity.

Figure 43.33 Figure 43.33 The Hoover Dam in Nevada/Arizona is The Hoover Dam in Nevada/Arizona is used to create electricity for use in the southwestern used to create electricity for use in the southwestern

United States.United States.

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