The Structure and Function of Macro Molecules

Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Condensation reaction Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Carbs Simple Sugars, monomers (monosaccharides)

Proteins Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides (A-T C-G)

Lipids: NOT considered polymer◦ Glycerol head and 3 hydrocarbon tails

Condensation or dehydration 2 Monomers Polymers

Lose a molecule of water: H from 1, OH from another.

Requires Energy (Enzyme)

In Protein specifically this is a peptide bond.

In carbohydrates this is a glycosidic

Hydrolysis Reaction ..◦ Hydrolysis (Water …… To Break)◦ Polymer 2 monomers◦ H2O Added, Energy Released

Monosaccharide to monosaccharide = glycosidic linkage, dehydration reaction.

Empirical Formula C6H12O6

Carbonyl:◦ Aldehyde: dbl bond at end of chain: glucose◦ Ketone: dble bond in middle: fructose

Rings: form of most sugars Glycosidic linkages: between monomers Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of mono’s

Disaccharides:◦ Glucose + glucose = maltose◦ Glucose + fructose = sucrose

Sucrose: table sugar, the form plants use to move sugar from leaf to root.

Starch: polymer of glucose (1-4 alpha) linkage Amylose: simplest starch(no branches)

Amylopectin: more complex (branches)

Glycogen: storage in animals (liver and muscle)

Plastids in plant leaf (chloroplasts)

Alpha configuration

Cellulose: insoluble fiber due to configuration of glucose monomers

Microfibrils: cellulose fibers HYDROGEN bond to each other. Make cables

Wood: rich in cellulose

Cellulose: Straight beta configuration of glucose

Cellulose: most abundant organic material 100billion tons/year.

Who can digest cellulose?◦ Microbes: bacteria in cow’s rumen (1st stomach)◦ Microbes: bacteria in gut of termites◦ Some fungi

Similar to cellulose Contains nitrogen Used to make exoskeleton of

◦ Arthropods◦ Spider◦ Crustaceans◦ Fungi: build with chitin

Fats: ◦ Triglyceride: glycerol + 3 fatty acids (ester

linkage)◦ Glycerol: 3 OH◦ Fatty acid:

Non polar hydrophobic

Phospholipid steroids

Phospholipid:◦ 2 hydrocarbon tails (no charge)◦ 1 phosphate group (negative charge)

◦ The non-polar tails and polar phosphate cause phospholipids to form bilayer when placed in water: hydrophilic phos. Out, tails in.

Steroids: Function at nucleus

of cell Carbon skeleton of

4 fused rings

Monmers: amino acids – polypeptides

Site: Ribosomes in cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.

DNA in nucleus. mRNA carries information out into cytosol.

1 gene = 1 polypeptide

1. peptide bonds between amino acids 2nd hydrogen bonds btwn R-groups cause

alpha helix and beta pleating 3rd hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide

bonds create globular shape 4th hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide

bonds put multiple polypeptides together.

Enzyme - substrate Tata box binding protein

collagen aquaporin

Nucleic acid made up of nucleotidesnitrogenous basepentose sugar (5 carbon sugar)phosphate

Nitrogenous base:pyrimidine: 1 ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)purines: 2 rings (adenine, guanine)

Polymer of nucleotides joined byphosphodiester bonds (phos. Of 1 to

sugar of the next)

The order of the nitrogenous bases in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a protein

3 nitro bases = 1 amino acid

RNA single strand Backbone of phosphate and ribose sugar DNA double strand backbone on outside

bases: hydrogen bonds in middle Always adenine-thymine

guanine- cytosine