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Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Microbial Ecology Microbial Ecology
Microbiological EcologyMicrobiological Ecology:: Microbial ecology is the stMicrobial ecology is the study of the behavior and activiudy of the behavior and activities of microorganisms in theities of microorganisms in their natural environments.r natural environments.
9.1 Microorganisms in Nature 9.1 Microorganisms in Nature EcosystemEcosystem9.1.1 Microorganisms9.1.1 Microorganisms inin AquaticAquatic EnvironEnviron
mentment
1. Freshwater1. Freshwater microorganismmicroorganism
(( 11 )) Oligotrophic Oligotrophic hydromicroorganism
(( 22 )) Copiotrophic Copiotrophic hydromicroorganism
2. Marine microorganism2. Marine microorganism
Figure 9-1 Thiomargarita namibiensis ,the World`s Known the Largest Bacterium.[From Lansing M. Prescott et al Microbiology (fifth edition)]
9.1.2 Microorganisms in 9.1.2 Microorganisms in atmosphereatmosphere
Table 9-1 Bacterium quantity in 1M3 air in different environments
Environment Environment NumbersNumbers
barnbarn 1-2×101-2×1066
dormdorm 2000020000
city streetcity street 50005000
Town parkTown park 200200
Air up the oceanAir up the ocean 1-21-2
north polenorth pole (( nortnorth latitude80h latitude80
°° ))
00
( From ZhouDeqin, <Microbiology Course> ,Edition One,Page284)
9.1.3 Microorganisms in Soil 9.1.3 Microorganisms in Soil EnvironmentEnvironment
Bacterium quantities have a general decuple Bacterium quantities have a general decuple degression law per gram soil degression law per gram soil :: bacteriabacteria(~(~ 108108 )>)> actinomycesactinomyces (~(~ 107107 )>)> mmildewildew (~(~ 106106 )>)> microzynemicrozyne (~(~ 105105 ))>> algaealgae (~(~ 104104 )>)> protozoanprotozoan (~(~ 101033 ) )
9.1.4 Microorganism Grown 9.1.4 Microorganism Grown inside and outside Organismsinside and outside Organisms
11 、、 Normal Microbiota of the Humans BoNormal Microbiota of the Humans Body and Animals.dy and Animals.
22 、、 The Microbiota of the PlantsThe Microbiota of the Plants
(( 11 ) ) RhizosphereRhizosphere MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
(( 22 )) adnascent Microorganismsadnascent Microorganisms
(( 33 )) endogenesis Microorganismsendogenesis Microorganisms
9.2 The Relationships of Microbia9.2 The Relationships of Microbials and also with other Organismsls and also with other Organisms
1.1. Neutralism2. Mutualism2. Mutualism(1) Mutualism(1) Mutualism between microorganisms (2) Mutualism(2) Mutualism between propagation and microorga
nisms3. Symbiosis3. Symbiosis(( 11 ) ) SymbiosisSymbiosis between microorganisms(( 22 ) ) Plant-Plant-microorganism symbiosissymbiosis(( 33 ) ) Animal-microorganism symbiosissymbiosis
Acetic acid
Light
Figure 9-2 Mutualism mechanism between Desulfuromonas.acetoxidans and Chlorobium sp.
Desulfuromonas.aceto
xidans
Cell fundus
Chlorobium sp.
Cell fundus
S
H2S
CO2 CO2
Figure 9 - 3 Diagrammatize transverse section about plant`s Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae
spit
Fibrous fodder
Nature bacterium
Quickly reproduce in
the rumen
CO2 , CH4 , H2…
A great deal thalli was digested by the abomasu
m
excrement
milk , beefOrganic acid , ethanolAbsorb by rumen
Gas from mouth
Figure 9-4 microbial metabolize relation in milch cow’s rumen
4. Parasitism4. Parasitism
(( 11 ) ) Parasitism between microorganisms(( 22 ) ) Plant--Microorganism Parasitism
(( 33 ) ) Animal--microorganism Parasitism
5.5. AntagonismAntagonism
A B
Figure 9 - 5 Antagonistic between Microbes ( Figure A :Antagonistic bacillus antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Verticillium dahliae ; Figure B: Antagonistic, Actinomycete antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum on an agar medium )
66 PredationPredation
Figture 9 - 6 Predatory Fungus catch Nematode ( From ZhangKeqin Predatory Fungus Biology>2001 )
9.3 Microbial’s effect in biogeoch9.3 Microbial’s effect in biogeochemical cyclesemical cycles
1. Carbon cycle1. Carbon cycle
CO2+H2O
Fossil fuelRespiraton
O2 +“CH2O” Alcohol , Organic Acid , H2+CO2
CH4Photosyn-thesis
Zymosis
Aerobic Anaerobic
Figure 9 - 7 Carbon 、 Hydrogen 、Oxygen cycle in the nature
2. Nitrogen2. Nitrogen cyclecycleOrgaism nitrogen
NH4+NO3
-
NO2-
NO
N2ONH2OH
NH4+
②nitrification
Nitrate assimil-ation
⑤Ammonium assimilationbiology
Nitrogen fixation
⑥DissimilationNitratereduction ⑧Anamm
ox process
②Nitrification
④Ammonifying
Figture 9 - 8 The Basic Nitrogen Cycle ( Red arrows: Interaction between microorganisms and plants ; Yellow arrows: Important taches in Nitrogen Fixation.)
assimilation
AtmosphereN2
3.Sulfur Cycle3.Sulfur Cycle
S
SO42- H2S
Organic sulfur
④Desulfovibrio
①Sulfate reduction ②Mineralization
③Sulfur oxidation
⑤Sulfer reduction
Figure 9 - 9 The Basic Sulur Cycle ( Red arrow: Reaction
operate by plants and microorganisms together )
③Sulfur oxidation
4.Phosphorus Cycle4.Phosphorus Cycle
Infusibility Phosphate
Phosphorous Acid or
Dissolubility Phosphate
Organic Phosphorus
Combined with electropositive in soil
Action of acid product microorganisms or production of Phosphorus
Plants and Microorganism’s Assimilation
Microbial decompose
Figure 9-10 Microorganisms in Phosphorus Cycle
5. Iron Cycle5. Iron Cycle
Aerobic
AnaerobicFe2+
Fe3+
Fe3O4
Fe3O4
Ferribacterium limneticum, Geobacter metallireducens, Geobacter sulfurreducens,Geovibrio ferrireducens, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans
Anaerobic purple phootrophic bacteria
Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum
Unknown chemical
Figure 9-11 The basic Iron cycle
Aerobic,Thiobacillu .Thermophilic,Sulfol-obus
9. 4 Microorganisms and the 9. 4 Microorganisms and the Environment PollutionEnvironment Pollution
1. Pollution caused by microorganisms1. Pollution caused by microorganisms
(( 11 )) Atmosphere Pollution Atmosphere Pollution
(( 22 )) Aquatic Environment PollutionAquatic Environment Pollution
(( 33 )) Terrestrial Environment Pollution Terrestrial Environment Pollution (( 44 )) Eutrophication (nutrient enrichEutrophication (nutrient enrichment)ment)
(( 55 )) Pollution from microbe’ metaboliPollution from microbe’ metabolize outcomeze outcome
Table 9-2 Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere and Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere and the Disease Caused by Themthe Disease Caused by Them
Pathogen microbePathogen microbe Name of diseaseName of diseaseBacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus sp Streptococcus pyogenes Neisseria meningitidis Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetella pertussis Yersinia pestis Bacillus anthracis Legionella pneumophila
Bacteria Disease Phthisic Streptococcal pneumonia Staphylococcal respiratory infections Streptococcal sore throat Scarlet fever Epidemiccerebrospinal meningitis Diphtheria Chincough Plague Pulmonary Anthrax Legionnaires’ disease
Virus Influenza virus Picornaviridae Parotitis virus Measles virus Variola virus Chicken pox virus Measles Adenovirus
Virosis Influenza,Flu Common cold Mumps Measles Smallpox CChicken pox Measles Pharyngitis\virosis pneumonia..
Other Pathogen microbe Coxiella burnetii Mycoplasma preumoniae Actinomadura asteroides Histoplasma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans Micropolyspora faeni
Other diseases Q hot Mycoplasmal pneumonia N.asteroides’ disease Histoplasmosis Cryptococcosis Haystacks
Table 9-3 Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water Through Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water Through DejectionDejection 、 SewageSewage
BacteriaBacteria VirusVirus othersothersSalmonellaSalmonellaShigellaShigellaEnteropathogenicE.EnteropathogenicE.
colicoliProteusProteusKlebsiellaKlebsiellaFrancisellaFrancisella tularensistularensis PseudomonasPseudomonasserratiaserratiaY.enterocoliticasY.enterocoliticasCampylobacter jejuCampylobacter jeju
ninicomma bacilluscomma bacillusEl Tor El Tor vibriovibrioMycobacteriumMycobacteriumBacillusBacillusBacillusBacillusStreptococcusStreptococcusLeptospiraLeptospira
Poliomyelitis virusPoliomyelitis virusCoxsackie virusCoxsackie virusEnteric cytopathogEnteric cytopathog
enic human orenic human orphan virus, ECphan virus, ECHOVHOV
ReovirusesReovirusesAdenovirusAdenovirusRotavirusRotavirusHepatitis Hepatitis virusvirus
Gastroenteritis virGastroenteritis virusus
Entamoeba histoluEntamoeba histoluyticytic
IsosporiasisIsosporiasisGiardia lambliaGiardia lambliaSchistosoma JaponSchistosoma Japon
icumicumHookwormHookwormAscaridAscaridPinwormPinwormTaenia saginata goTaenia saginata go
ezeezeToenia solium linnToenia solium linn
aeusaeus
Table 9-4 Several pathogenic organisms’ surviving time in the soil
Pathogenic organisms Time
Enterococcus faecalisEnterococcus faecalisSalmonellaSalmonella
ShigellaShigellaTubercle bacillusTubercle bacillus
Bartonella HenselaeLeptospirBartonella HenselaeLeptospiraa
Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracisEntamoeba histoluyticEntamoeba histoluytic
2626~~77 77 DaysDays1515~~280 280 Days,more thanDays,more than280 280 DD
aysays11~~3 Months3 Months
More than 180 More than 180 DaysDays88~~6060DaysDays
1515~~43 43 DaysDays1515~~60 60 DaysDays
66~~8 8 DaysDays88~~170 170 DaysDays
Table 9-5 Comparation of Microbial in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes
ItermIterm Eutrophic LakesEutrophic Lakes Oligotrophicn lakesOligotrophicn lakes
NumberNumberKindsKindsDistributionDistribution
Move at day Move at day and and night night
Massive Massive bloomsblooms
Main algaMain alga
AbundanceAbundanceLessLessMostly on the surface of Mostly on the surface of
water waterLimitLimit
RegulantyRegulanty
CyanophyceaeCyanophyceaeChroococcaceaeChroococcaceaeMicrocystisMicrocystisMicrocystis Microcystis aerugrinosaaerugrinosaMicrocystis Microcystis flosaquaeflosaquaeMicrocystis Microcystis marginatamarginataNostocaceaeNostocaceaeAnabaenaAnabaenaAnabaena spiroidesAnabaena spiroidesAphanizomenonAphanizomenonOscillatoriaceaeOscillatoriaceaeOscillatoriaOscillatoriaDeatomaceaeDeatomaceaeMelosiraMelosiraFragilariaFragilariaStephanodescusStephanodescusAstericoollaAstericoolla
LessLessPlentyPlentyCan find in deep waterCan find in deep water
FrequentlyFrequently
FewFew
ChlorophyceaeChlorophyceaeStaurastrumStaurastrumDiatomaceaeDiatomaceaeTabellariaTabellariaCyclotellaCyclotellaChrysophyceaeChrysophyceaeDinobryonDinobryon
Table 9-6 May Epiphyte Toxins and it’s Production Bacterium
Toxin kindsToxin kinds NameName Primary bacteriumPrimary bacterium
Liver toxinLiver toxin AflatoxinAflatoxin
SterigmotocystinSterigmotocystinP.isandicum P.isandicum 、、 luteoskluteosk
yrinyrin 、、 cyclochlorocyclochlorotintin
Rubrafoxin BRubrafoxin BOchratoxin AOchratoxin A
Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavus 、、 A. parasiA. parasiticusticus
A.versicoloe A.versicoloe 、、 A. nidulansA. nidulansIslanditoxinIslanditoxin
P.RubrumP.RubrumA.ochraceusA.ochraceus
Kidney toxinKidney toxin Citrinin Citrinin Kojic AcidKojic Acid
A citrimumA citrimumA. oryzaeA. oryzae
NeurotoxinNeurotoxin PatulinPatulin
Citre-oviridinCitre-oviridinMaltoryzineMaltoryzine
P.urticaeP.urticae 、、 Penicillium cydopiuPenicillium cydopiumm
P.citreo-virideP.citreo-virideA. oryzae var. microsporusA. oryzae var. microsporus
Blood making Blood making tissue toxintissue toxin
Fusarium toxinFusarium toxinDONDONSaxitoxinSaxitoxin
F.sporotriumF.sporotriumF. nivaleF. nivaleStachybotryStachybotry
Light sensitive Light sensitive dermitisdermitis
sclerinsclerin Sclerotinia sclerotiumSclerotinia sclerotium
2. Indicater Organisms as an inde2. Indicater Organisms as an index of possible contaminationx of possible contamination
Current Drinking Water Standards in ChinaCurrent Drinking Water Standards in China :: No more No more than 100 bacteriums in single than 100 bacteriums in single 1ml 1ml tap watertap water ,, and no and no more than more than 33 coliforms in single coliforms in single 1L1L water. water.
When water is polluted by fecal contaminationWhen water is polluted by fecal contamination , , babacterias and coliforms will increase. Commonlycterias and coliforms will increase. Commonly , , BacteBacterias in rias in 1ml 1ml water: water:
1010--100100, Extremely cleanly water, Extremely cleanly water 100100--10001000,cleanly water,cleanly water 10001000--1000010000, not quite cleanly water, not quite cleanly water 10,00010,000--100,000100,000, uncleanness water, uncleanness water More thanMore than1000.0001000.000, Extremely uncleanness wate, Extremely uncleanness wate
3. Microorganisms’ Repair to 3. Microorganisms’ Repair to Environment ContaminationEnvironment Contamination
(( 11 )、)、 Principles and Applications of MicroorPrinciples and Applications of Microorganisms used in Waste Water Treatment ganisms used in Waste Water Treatment 11 、、 General guidelines for microbiologic General guidelines for microbiologic quality of waters quality of waters ::22 、、 Aerobic Microbial Aerobic Microbial Treatment33 、、 Anaerobic Microbial Anaerobic Microbial Treatment44 、、 Activated Sludge Activated Sludge Treatment55 、、 Membrane Filtration TechniqueMembrane Filtration Technique66 、、 Photosynthetic Bacteria Treatment
Figure 9-12 Metallograph of the Floc formed by the zoogloea bacilli and the filamentous bacilli in Activated Sludge [From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]
Dense waste waterBOD10000ml/L
Unfreeze treatment
Adjust pHPSBtreatmentNo.1
Refluence Cultivate trough
Bacterium trough
No.2 No.3 No.4Deposition pool
Oxidation pool
Thalli utilization
Rare wasteBOD500ml/Lauound
Figure 9-13 Waste Water Treatment with Photosynthetic Bacteria
Input water
Chlorination vessels
Activated sludge vessels
Primary clarifiers
Final clarifiers
Secondary clarifiers
Output water
Figure 9-14 An Aerial View of a Modern Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant.
Table9-7 Major steps in Primary, Secondary,and Tertiary Treatment of Wastes
TreatingTreatingstepstep
processesprocesses
PrimaryPrimary Removal of insoluble particulate materials by Removal of insoluble particulate materials by setting, screening, addition of alum and setting, screening, addition of alum and other coagulation agents, and other other coagulation agents, and other physical proceduresphysical procedures
SecondarySecondary Bioloigical removal of dissolved organic matteBioloigical removal of dissolved organic matterr
Tricking filtersTricking filters Activated sludgeActivated sludge LagoonsLagoons Extended aeration systemsExtended aeration systems Anaerobic digestersAnaerobic digesters
TertiaryTertiary Biological removal of inoganic nuterientsBiological removal of inoganic nuterientsChemical removal of inorganic nutrientsChemical removal of inorganic nutrientsVirus removal/inactivationVirus removal/inactivationTrace chemical removalTrace chemical removal
[From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]
(( 22 )) Operation and Applications Operation and Applications in dealing with Exhaust gas by Microin dealing with Exhaust gas by Micro
organismsorganismsMicroorganism filter method: Microorganism filter method:
A method using solid grain ,which contain micA method using solid grain ,which contain microorganisms to absorb infectant in the air ,and throorganisms to absorb infectant in the air ,and then the microorganisms transfer them into en the microorganisms transfer them into innocuityinnocuity substance. The common solid grain ar substance. The common solid grain are soil and compost, some are biology filtrate bed e soil and compost, some are biology filtrate bed or microbe filtrate box which are specialism desior microbe filtrate box which are specialism designed. gned.
(( 33 )) :Microorganisms used in :Microorganisms used in treating solid castoffs, Methods treating solid castoffs, Methods
and Applicationsand Applications
11 、 、 AerobicAerobic compostcompost
2 2 、、 AnaerobicAnaerobic compostcompost
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