Post on 26-Mar-2015
Chapter 7— Ropes & Knots
7–2
Chapter 7 Lesson Goal
After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to apply basic use of ropes & knots
7–3
Life-Safety Rope
• Used to support rescuers and/or victims during actual accidents or training
• Must conform to NFPA 1983
• Must be block creel construction using continuous filament new fiber for load-bearing elements
7–4
Utility Rope
• Used in instances where rope is required but not used to support rescuer/victims
• Industry standards exist concerning physical properties
• No standards for applications
• Regularly inspect for damage
7–5
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What experiences have you had w/ life-safety rope and/or utility rope?
7–6
NFPA 1983
Rope manufacturers must supply purchasers with information about:
• Use criteria
• Inspection procedures
• Maintenance procedures
• Criteria for retiring life-safety rope from service
(Continued)
7–7
NFPA 1983
Criteria to consider before life-safety rope is reused in life-safety situations:
• Must not be visibly damaged
• Must not show abrasions or have been exposed to high temps/direct flame contact
• Has not been impact loaded
(Continued)
7–8
NFPA 1983
Criteria to consider before life-safety rope is reused in life-safety situations
• Must not have been exposed to any substance that can deteriorate rope
• Must pass inspection made by qualified person before AND after use
7–9
Removing Life-Safety Rope From Service
• Impact loaded: Force applied to a rope in a sudden stop
• Life-safety rope that fails to pass inspection or has been impact loaded should be destroyed immediately
• Destroy = Altered in such a manner that it cannot be mistaken for life-safety rope
(Continued)
7–10
Removing Life-Safety Rope From Service
• Rope subjected to impact loading must have entry made in log because there is no way to determine by inspection if it has been impact loaded
7–11
Natural Fiber Rope
• Primary type of rope used for rescue until last half of 20th century
• Most made of hemp or cotton
(Continued)
Courtesy of BlueWater Ropes.
7–12
Natural Fiber Rope
• No longer accepted in life-safety applications
• Can be used for utility purposes
• Made of short overlapping strands of fiber
7–13
Synthetic Rope
• Preferred for life-safety applications
• Excellent resistance to mildew & rotting, excellent strength, easy to maintain
• Continuous fibers running entire length of rope
(Continued)
7–14
Dynamic Rope
• Used when long falls are possible
• Designed to stretch without breaking
• Elasticity a disadvantage when raising/lowering heavy loads
• Not practical for rescue or hauling applications
• Not used in FrPD
7–15
Static Rope
• Used for most rope-rescue incidents
• Low stretch without breaking
• According to NFPA 1983, must not elongate more than 10 percent when tested under load equal to 10% of breaking strength
• Used for rescue, rappelling, hauling
7–16
NFPA 1983 Light Use Rope
• ⅜-inch (9.5 mm) diameter or greater, less than ½-inch (12.5 mm), intended to support one person’s weight
• Minimum breaking strength of 4,500 pounds (20 k/N)
• Maximum safe working load limit of 300 pounds (136 kg)
7–17
NFPA 1983 General-Use Rope
• 7/16-inch (11 mm) diameter or greater, less than or equal to ⅝-inch (16 mm), intended to support two persons
• Minimum breaking strength of 9,000 pounds (40 k/N)
• Maximum safe working load limit of 600 pounds (272 kg)
7–18
NFPA 1983 Throwline
• 19/64-inch (7 mm) diameter or greater, but less than 3/8-inch (9.5 mm), used to tether rescuers during water rescues or to throw to victim in water
• Minimum breaking strength of 3,000 pounds (13 k/N)
• Maximum safe working load limit of 200 pounds (91 kg)
7–19
NFPA 1983 Escape Rope
• Not life-safety or utility rope; constructed in same manner as life-safety rope
• Must meet generally the same requirements as throwline
• Intended to be used only one time then destroyed
7–20
Common Rope Construction
Kernmantle rope
• Kern: core
• Mantle: jacket
• 75% strength from the kern
• 25% strength from the mantle
• Used by FrPD
(Continued)
Common Rope Construction
Kernmantle rope advantages
• Resists, rot, mold & mildew
• Fibers are continuous
• No permanent loss of strength when wet
• Easy to maintain
7–21
(Continued)
7–22
General Rope Maintenance Guidelines
• Inspect all types after each use
• Unused should be inspected at least annually
• Inspect visually & by touch
• Rope’s core can be damaged without the sheath showing damage
General Rope Maintenance Guidelines
Inspect for:
• Soft spots
• Foreign objects
• Lumps
• Depressions
• Abrasions & other damage
• Bad odors
• Fuzziness
• Burned marks
• Slick or glazed spots
• Discoloration
7–23
7–24
Maintaining Rope Log/Record
• When rescue rope is purchased, it must be permanently identified
• Record must be started & kept throughout rope’s working life, i.e. each time it is used
7–25
Cleaning Rope
• Methods vary by manufacturer; contact for specific instructions
• Synthetic fibers
• Do not use bleach
• Chained or in a mesh bag
7–26
Cleaning Rope
• Dry in open area out of direct sunlight
Be sure area is well ventilated
• Can be chained & put in hose dryer
• Suspended in hose tower
• Do not use clothes dryer
• Do not send to laundry
7–27
General Rope Storage Considerations
• Can be stored in coils or rope bags
• Should be stored in clean, dry spaces w/ adequate ventilation
• Not exposed to chemical contaminants
• Not stored in same space w/ gas-powered tools, spare fuel
• Protect from sunlight – UV damages rope
(Continued)
7–28
Bagging Rope
• Best method for life-safety rope is to place in storage bag
• Bag makes rope easy to transport, protects rope from contamination
• Advantage of storing synthetic rope in bag is that rope can be deployed quickly
(Continued)
7–29
Bagging Rope
• Weight of rope in bag carries it toward target & rope pays out as bag travels through air
• Bag may have drawstring & shoulder straps for ease in carrying
7–30
Coiling/Uncoiling Rope
• Coiling necessary so rope may be placed into service w/ minimum delay important in fire service
• Improperly coiled rope may become tangled & fail to uncoil
7–31
Webbing
• Often used with ropes
• Most made from same materials as synthetic rope; same precautions, maintenance procedures apply
• Size needed varies with intended use
7–32
Types of Webbing Construction
Two designs
Flat webbing Tubular webbing
(Continued)
TubularFlat
7–33
Types of Webbing Construction
• Both look the same unless viewed at ends
• Tubular is of 2 designs: spiral & chain weave
• Spiral stronger, more resistant than chain
7–34
Parts of Rope
• Running end — Free end used for hoisting, pulling, belaying
• Working end
Part of the rope used to tie knots
End tied to object being raised, lowered, stabilized
• Standing part — Section between working end & running end
7–35
Knot-Tying Considerations
• Knots are used to join or connect ropes or webbing, form loops in ropes or webbing or attach ropes or webbing to objects
• Should be dressed after tied
• Even properly dressed knots can fail
7–36
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Why are knots important in the fire service?
7–37
Knot Characteristics
• Easy to tie/untie, secure under load, reduce rope’s strength minimally
• All knots reduce rope’s strength
• Rope’s strength reduced whenever bent
• Bight, loop, round turn — Bends in rope
• Knots, hitches formed by combining bending elements
7–38
Knot Elements
BightBight — Formed by bending rope back on itself while keeping sides parallel
(Continued)
7–39
Knot Elements
LoopLoop — Made by crossing side of bight over standing part
(Continued)
7–40
Knot Elements
Round turn Round turn — Consists of further bending one side of loop
7–41
Commonly Used Knots
Single/double overhand safety knots
• Can be used when tying any type of knot
• Best to provide highest level of safety
• Stops end of rope from slipping back through knot & causing failure
(Continued)
7–42
Commonly Used Knots
Bowline
• One of the most important in fire service
• Easily tied, untied; good for forming single loop that will not constrict object it is placed around
• FFs should be able to tie in the open as well as around objects
(Continued)
7–43
Commonly Used Knots
Half-hitch
• Particularly useful in stabilizing tall objects being hoisted; always used with another knot or hitch
• Formed by making round turn around object
• Several can be applied in succession if required
(Continued)
7–44
Commonly Used Knots
Clove hitch
• May be formed by several methods
• Essentially 2 half-hitches
• Highly susceptible to failure
• May be formed anywhere in rope
• Must be backed up w/ an overhand/safety knot
• Most useful for round objects – pole, post, hoselines
Commonly Used Knots
• Figure-eight family of knots
Figure eight
Figure-eight bend
Figure eight on a bight
Figure-eight follow through
• Most popular family of knots in the fire service
7–45
(Continued)
7–46
Commonly Used Knots
Becket bend (sheet bend)
• Used for joining 2 ropes of unequal diameters or joining rope & chain
• Unlikely to slip when rope is wet
• Advantages make it useful, dependable in fire service rope work
• Not suitable in life-safety applications
(Continued)
7–47
Commonly Used Knots
Water knot
• Preferred knot for joining 2 pieces of webbing or ends of same piece when loop needed
• Formed by tying simple overhand knot in one piece or end & following through in reverse direction w/ another piece or end
7–48
Commonly Used Hardware
• Carabiner
• Figure-eight plate (descender)
(Continued)
7–49
• Brake bar rack (descender)
• Ascender
• Pulleys
Commonly Used Hardware
(Continued)
7–50
Using Rope for Hoisting
• One of most common uses of rope in fire service — Raise or lower tools & pieces of equipment from one elevation to another
(Continued)
7–51
Using Rope for Hoisting
• Thorough knowledge of knots, hitches makes this a safe, efficient practice
• Anything with closed-type D-ring handle can be raised, lowered with bowline or figure-eight bend
• Hoisting pressurized cylinders not recommended
(Continued)
7–52
Using Rope for Hoisting
• Using proper knots, securing procedures helps prevent dropping of equipment
• Separate guideline should be used when hoisting any equipment
• Objects may also be tied in center of rope
7–53
Hoisting Safety — General
• Have solid footing, make necessary preparations beforehand
• Use hand-over-hand method
• Use edge roller or padding
• Work in teams
(Continued)
7–54
Hoisting Safety — General
• Look to ensure all personnel clear of hoisting area
• Avoid hoisting operations near electrical hazards
• Secure nozzles of charged hoselines
• Use guideline to help control object being hoisted
7–55
Using Ropes for Hoisting
Items that can be hoisted:
• Axe
• Pike pole
• Ladder
• Hoselines
• Portable fans
• Fire extinguisher
7–56
Using Rope for Hoisting
Most common combination used:
• Clove hitch w/
• Half hitches
(Continued)
Using Rope for Hoisting
When hoisting a pike pole
• With the point up
• Clove hitch & half hitches on shaft
• Final half hitch on point
• Use a guideline
7–57
(Continued)
Using Rope for Hoisting
When hoisting a ladder
• Using a Figure 8, make a loop
• 1/3 distance from top, pass loop through rungs
• Pull rope up & over top of ladder
• Attach guide line to ladder
7–58
(Continued)
7–59
Rescue Rope
• Used when victims located above, below grade & need to be rescued
• Technical skill that requires specialized training
• Used for variety of purposes
Rescue Harness
Three classes
• Class I: Seat harness rated for 300 lbs (145 kg)
• Class II: Seat harness rated for 600 lbs. (285 kg)
• Class III: Seat & chest harness rated for 600 lbs. (285 kg)
7–60
7–61
Summary
• Rope is one of the oldest & most basic tools used by FFs.
• It is used to stabilize vehicles & other objects, hoist tools & equipment aloft, & to allow FFs to access & rescue victims who are stranded above or below grade, or in bodies of water.
(Continued)
7–62
Summary
• Rope is also used to help FFs escape from life-threatening situations.
• To use rope safely & effectively during fires & rescue operations, FFs must know the various types of rope & their applications.
• They must also be capable of tying a variety of knots & hitches quickly & correctly — and that takes practice.
(Continued)
7–63
Summary
• FFs must know how to inspect, clean, & store ropes so that they are ready for use when needed.
7–64
Skills
• Inspect, clean, & store rope
• Bag a rope
• Tie the single overhand knot
• Tie a clove hitch
• Tie a clove hitch around an object
7–65
Skills
• Tie a figure eight
• Tie a figure-eight bend
• Tie a figure eight on a bight
• Hoist an axe
• Hoist a pike pole
7–66
Skills
• Hoist a roof ladder
• Hoist a dry hoseline
• Hoist a fan. (Skill Sheet FF-I-103)
• Perform Exercise 3A-N, Knot Tying & Hoisting