Chapter 6Text Pages 180-215

Makes organisms are easier to study, easier to find things, easier to compare things

Classification – the process of grouping things based on their similarities

Taxonomy – the scientific study of how living things are classified

Aristotle the Greek scholar was the first to classify (400 BC)

Observed many animals and recorded their appearance, behavior, and movement.◦ Made three groups

Fly Swim Walk – Crawl – Run

He used other differences to subdivide the groups

Subdivision idea is still used today◦ Not based on movement or habitat

Expanded Aristotle’s ideas of classification◦ Based on observable features

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name, naming system)◦ Genus – closely related organisms◦ Species – similar organisms that can mate and

produce fertile offspring in nature

Scientific name is Felis concolor◦ Latin, Italicized, Genus is capitalized Common name is a Puma, Mountain lion or

cougar

Theory of Evolution has changed classification◦ evolutionary histories are classified more closely

Other changes are due to: Microscopic structure Chemical analysis DNA

Based on Aristotle and Linneaus

Seven levels of classification◦ Starts broad and gets specific◦ Each group has shared characteristics◦ More levels shared the more the organisms have

in common

Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Great Species Spaghetti

Kingdom - Animal Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primate Family - Homonidae Genus - Homo Species - sapien

The more levels the two organisms share the more characteristics they have in common

Field Guides◦ Books with illustrations that highlight differences

between similar looking organisms Taxonomic Key

◦ Paired statements the describe the physical characteristics

We now have 3 Domains (above Kingdom)◦ Bacteria

All bacteria, prokaryotes◦ Archaea

Prokaryotes, differ genetically and cell wall makeup◦ Eukarya

Cells that have a nucleus, more complex – have membrane bound organelles

Specifics later

“Ancient Bacteria” on Earth for Billions of Years

Might resemble early life forms

Different chemically than Archaebacteria Are “everywhere”

“Odds and ends” kingdom Both plant and animal like

Discovered in 1600’s on teeth scrapings by Anton van leeuwenhock

Prokaryotic cells◦ Genetic material not contained in the ◦ Each cell uses energy, grows and develops,

responds to surroundings and reproduces

•Unicellular•But very tiny

•Live in EXTREME environments•Do not use oxygen anaerobic

•Autotrophs make own food

• Heterotrophs feed on others

Thermus aquaticus◦ Found in Yellowstone National Park (Hot Springs)

Boiling Sulfur Ponds (90 degrees Celsius) pH level 1

Methanococcus janischiiwas◦ Can be found in raw sewage◦ Makes methane around ocean vent smokers ◦ Temperature 50 to 86 degrees Celsius◦ 2,600 meters down

Halobacterium halobium◦ Found in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea

Both are high salt content areas

Characteristics◦ Prokaryotic◦ Unicellular◦ Live EVERYWHERE!!!!!◦ Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Staphlococcus◦ Outside the body bacteria (think skin)

Causes Pimples Blood Poisoning Gangrene

Streptococcus◦ Inside the body bacteria

Causes strep throat

Tuberculosis◦ Lung infection◦ Symptoms

persistent cough Coughing up blood

Anthrax◦ Different types

Cutaneous On surface of skin

Inhalation Lethal lung infection

Not a Kingdom

Non-living particle Does not

◦ use energy to grow◦ respond to

surroundings◦ Make food◦ Take in food◦ Produce wastes

Most viruses are parasites◦ Cause harm to host

They infect all 6 kingdoms

Two basic parts◦ Outer protein coat◦ Inner genetic

material

Vary in◦ Shapes◦ Size (but very small)

Immediately begin to multiply

Quick death to host cell

Example◦ influenza

“Hide” for a while◦ Takes time

DNA of virus becomes part of host cell’s DNA

Death to host cell Example

◦ Cold sore

• Causes AIDS – Acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome

• How Spread– Contact with infected

• blood• semen, vaginal fluid• breast milk

– Four major transmission • Unsafe sex• Contaminated needles• Breastfeeding• Birth process

• Symptoms– Fever– Weight loss– Chronic fatigue

• Treatment– No cure– Manage multiplication

of virus

HSV-2 -causes genital herpes ◦ spread through

secretions from the mouth or genitals

HSV-1 - affects the mouth and lips ◦ causes cold sores or

fever blisters

• human papillomavirus

• Most common STD– 40 different types

• In 90% of cases, the body’s immune system clears HPV naturally within two years.

• Other 10% can get– Genital warts – warts in the throat– Cervical cancer

• Prevention– Vaccines can protect

males and females against some of the most common types of HPV that can lead to disease and cancer.