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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The New Republic An Age of Political Passion, 1789–1800
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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The New Republic
I. Launching the New Government
II. Hamilton’s Ambitious Program
III. Partisanship without Parties
IV. Conflicts at Home and Abroad
V. Cultural Politics in a Passionate Age
VI. The Stormy Presidency of John Adams
AN AGE OF POLITICAL PASSION, 1789–1800
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Launching the New Government
A. Choosing the First President
B. The First Federal Elections: Completing
the Constitution
C. Filling Out the Branches of Government
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Choosing the First President
Electoral College – A group of electors
appointed by each state who had the
responsibility of picking the president
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The First Federal Elections: Completing the Constitution
Why did Madison shift his views on the need
for a Bill of Rights?
Why were some ardent Anti-Federalists not
satisfied with Madison’s proposed
amendments?
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The First Federal Elections: Completing the Constitution
Bill of Rights – The first ten of the original
twelve amendments to the Constitution,
which included protections for basic
individual liberties and protections for the
states
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Hamilton’s Ambitious Program
A. Hamilton’s Vision for the New Republic
B. The Assumption of State Debts
C. Madison’s Opposition
D. The Bank, the Mint, and the Report on
Manufactures
E. Jefferson and Hamilton: Contrasting
Visions of the Republic
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Hamilton’s Vision for the New Republic
Why did Hamilton believe that America
needed to create a national bank?
How does Hamilton’s own life help explain
his vision for America’s future?
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The Assumption of State Debts
Assumption of State Debts – Hamilton’s
scheme for the federal government to take
over any outstanding state debts
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Madison’s Opposition
Why did Virginians, including Madison and
Jefferson, oppose Hamilton’s economic
program?
What did Madison and Jefferson gain by
moving the location of the new capital to
what is now Washington, D.C.?
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The Bank, the Mint, and the Report on Manufactures
How did Hamilton and Jefferson differ in
their interpretations of the phrase
“necessary and proper”?
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The Bank, the Mint, and the Report on Manufactures
Bank of the United States – A bank
chartered by the federal government that
served as a depository for government
funds, helped bolster confidence in
government securities, made loans, and
provided the nation with a stable national
currency
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Jefferson and Hamilton: Contrasting Visions of the Republic
What were the most important points of
disagreement between Hamilton and
Jefferson?
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Partisanship without Parties
A. A New Type of Politician
B. The Growth of the Partisan Press
C. The Democratic-Republican Societies
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The Growth of the Partisan Press
What role did the partisan press play in the
politics of the 1790s?
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The Democratic-Republican Societies
Why did the Federalists oppose the
Democratic-Republican Societies?
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The Democratic-Republican Societies
Democratic-Republican Societies – A new
type of political organization informally allied
with the Republicans, the goal of which was
to help collect, channel, and influence public
opinion
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Conflicts at Home and Abroad
A. The French Revolution in America
B. Adams versus Clinton: A Contest for Vice
President
C. Diplomatic Controversies and Triumphs
D. Violence along the Frontier
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The French Revolution in America
Did the French Revolution fulfill or betray the
ideals of the American Revolution?
Why did Federalists become such ardent
critics of the French Revolution?
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Diplomatic Controversies and Triumphs
How did French ideas influence American
political culture?
Why did Republicans oppose Jay’s Treaty?
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Diplomatic Controversies and Triumphs
Jay’s Treaty – Diplomatic treaty negotiated
by Federalist John Jay in 1794
• Britain agreed to compensate America for
cargoes seized in 1793–1794.
• Britain promised to vacate forts in the
Northwest Territory.
• America failed to win acceptance of the right
of neutral nations to trade freely with
belligerents.
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Competing Visions JEFFERSON’S AND HAMILTON’S REACTIONS TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Jefferson believed
that the
accomplishments of
the French
Revolution justified
the violent means by
which they were
achieved.
Hamilton criticized
the violence of the
French Revolution
and was revolted by
its excesses.
How did these reactions to the French Revolution reflect
Jefferson’s and Hamilton’s different political beliefs?
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Violence along the Frontier
How did American and Indian views of the
Treaty of Greenville differ?
Why did the Whiskey Rebellion present such
a problem for Republicans?
Why did Federalist enforcement of the
whiskey tax fail in Kentucky?
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Violence along the Frontier
Whiskey Rebellion – The armed uprising of
western Pennsylvania and Kentucky
farmers protesting the whiskey excise tax in
1794
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Choices and Consequences
• Should the president negotiate with the
rebels?
• Should he use force to put down the
rebellion?
• Would the national militia be willing to use
force against the rebels?
WASHINGTON’S DECISION TO CRUSH THE WHISKEY REBELLION
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Choices and Consequences
Choices regarding the Whiskey Rebellion
WASHINGTON’S DECISION TO CRUSH THE WHISKEY REBELLION
Call up and
dispatch the militia
to crush the
rebellion
Make concessions,
repeal the tax, and
avoid armed
conflict
Give the rebels a
chance to end the
protest, but have
the militia ready
to march if they
do not
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Choices and Consequences
Decision and
Consequences • Rebels refused to end
protest
• Washington sent militia,
which ended rebellion
• Rebellion continued in
states like Kentucky
• Democratic-Republican
Societies blamed for inciting
rebellion
WASHINGTON’S DECISION TO CRUSH THE WHISKEY REBELLION
Why did Federalist enforcement of the whiskey tax fail in Kentucky?
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Choices and Consequences
Continuing Controversies
• Why were some Federalists reluctant to
use force to put down the Whiskey
Rebellion?
WASHINGTON’S DECISION TO CRUSH THE WHISKEY REBELLION
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Cultural Politics in a Passionate Age
A. Political Fashions and Fashionable
Politics
B. Literature, Education, and Gender
C. Federalists, Republicans, and the Politics
of Race
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Political Fashions and Fashionable Politics
How did fashion become politicized in the
1790s?
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Literature, Education, and Gender
How is virtue represented in Maria
Crownshield’s allegory of female education?
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Federalists, Republicans, and the Politics of Race
What were the differences between the
views of Republicans and Federalists toward
the revolution in Saint-Domingue (modern
Haiti)? What political factors might account
for these differences?
Why did Republicans oppose normalizing
relations with Saint-Domingue?
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Images as History
What symbols does the artist use to represent the
achievements of the arts and sciences in the new American
nation?
LIBERTY DISPLAYING THE ARTS AND SCIENCES
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Images as History
LIBERTY DISPLAYING THE ARTS AND SCIENCES
The goddess of
liberty holds a
liberty pole topped
by a liberty cap.
A group of African
Americans bows
before liberty.
The broken chains
symbolize the
abolition of slavery.
The telescope
symbolizes the
advancements of
modern science.
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The Stormy Presidency of John Adams
A. Washington’s Farewell Address
B. The XYZ Affair and Quasi-War with
France
C. The Alien and Sedition Acts
D. The Disputed Election of 1800
E. Gabriel’s Rebellion
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Washington’s Farewell Address
What advice did Washington offer in his
Farewell Address?
How does the artist represent the future of
America in this portrait of George
Washington?
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The XYZ Affair and Quasi-War with France
How did the XYZ Affair affect American
politics?
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The XYZ Affair and Quasi-War with France
XYZ Affair – The furor created when
Americans learned that three French officials,
identified in diplomatic correspondence as
“X,” “Y,” and “Z,” demanded a bribe from
America’s diplomats as the price of beginning
negotiations
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
Why did the Federalists believe it was vital
to American security to restrict immigration?
What strategies were used to challenge the
Sedition Act?
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien and Sedition Acts – Four laws
designed to protect America from the danger
of foreign and domestic subversion. The first
three, the Alien laws, dealt with immigration
and naturalization. The Sedition Act
criminalized criticism of the federal
government.
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
States’ rights – The theory that the
Constitution was a compact among the
states and that the individual states retained
the right to judge when the federal
government’s actions were unconstitutional
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The Disputed Election of 1800
Why did the Federalist political cartoon show
Jefferson about to burn the Constitution?
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Gabriel’s Rebellion
Which events of the 1790s helped inspire
Gabriel’s Rebellion?
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Gabriel’s Rebellion
Gabriel’s Rebellion – A slave insurrection
in Richmond, Virginia, that drew together
free blacks and slaves in a plot to seize the
Richmond arsenal and foment a slave
rebellion