Post on 25-Dec-2015
Chapter 4
The Ancient Greeks
Chapter 4
The Ancient Greeks
Chapter IntroductionSection 1 The Early GreeksSection 2 Sparta and AthensSection 3 Persia Attacks the GreeksSection 4 The Age of Pericles
Reading ReviewChapter Assessment
The Ancient Greeks
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The Ancient Greeks
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The Geography of Greece
• Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula—a body of land with water on three sides.
• Ancient Greeks were fishers, sailors, traders, and farmers.
(page 117)
The Early Greeks
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The Geography of Greece
• Although Greece’s rocky soil made it difficult to farm, people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes in the favorable climate.
(page 117)
The Early Greeks
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The Early Greeks
How might a peninsula be affected by its surrounding water?
Land might be limited, the climate might be positively or adversely affected, and occupations of the people might be ocean-related, such as sailing and fishing.
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The First Greek Kingdoms (cont.)
• The Greeks learned about an alphabet from the Phoenicians, one of their trading partners.
The Early Greeks
(pages 119–120)
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A Move to Colonize
• Greek people began to set up colonies in other countries.
(page 121)
• This colonization spread Greek culture.
The Early Greeks
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The Polis
• A polis, or city-state, was like an independent country.
(pages 122–123)
• City-states varied in size and population.
The Early Greeks
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The Polis (cont.)
• The Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of democracy, in which citizens of a country are treated equally and have rights and responsibilities.
The Early Greeks
(pages 122–123)
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
Sparta and Athens
• The Spartans focused on military skills to control the people they conquered.
• Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force.
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Tyranny in the City-States (cont.)
• This unhappiness led to the rise of tyrants, or people who take power by force and rule with total authority.
• Unhappy farmers demanded changes in the power structure of the city-states.
Sparta and Athens
(pages 125–126)
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Tyranny in the City-States (cont.)
• The Greek people eventually tired of the tyrants and created oligarchies or democracies.
• An oligarchy is a form of government in which a few people hold power.
• Tyrants maintained their popularity by building marketplaces, temples, and walls.
Sparta and Athens
(pages 125–126)
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Tyranny in the City-States (cont.)
• Sparta was an oligarchy; Athens was a democracy.
• A democracy is a form of government in which all citizens share power.
Sparta and Athens
(pages 125–126)
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Sparta
• To keep the helots from rebelling, the Spartans created a strong military of boys and men.
• To obtain more land, Spartans conquered and enslaved their neighbors, calling them helots.
(pages 126–127)
• Boys entered the military at age 7.
• At age 20, men entered the regular army and lived in the barracks for 10 years.
Sparta and Athens
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Sparta (cont.)
• They returned home at age 30 but served in the army until age 60.
• Spartan girls were trained in sports to become healthy mothers and were freer than other Greek women.
• The Spartan government was an oligarchy containing two branches, a council of elders, and an assembly.
Sparta and Athens
(pages 126–127)
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Sparta (cont.)
• The Spartan government kept foreign travelers out and discouraged its own citizens from traveling in order to maintain control of the country.
Sparta and Athens
(pages 126–127)
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What was one disadvantage of the Spartans’ focus on the military?
They did not learn as much about science or practice as much trade as Greeks in Athens.
Sparta and Athens
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The Persian Empire
• Persians were warriors and nomads who lived in Persia, the southwestern area of what is today Iran.
• Cyrus the Great united the Persians.
• The Persians built a large empire, conquering Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities.
(pages 132–133)
Persia Attacks the Greeks
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The Persian Wars
• The Battle of Marathon occurred in 490 B.C. on the plain of Marathon, a short distance from Athens. 26 miles.
(pages 134–137)
• The Persians waited there for the Athenians.
Persia Attacks the Greeks
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The Persian Wars (cont.)
• The Greeks fought the Persians at Thermopylae for two days.
• Athens and Sparta joined forces to defend against Xerxes’s attack.
• The Greeks lost the battle, but 200 ships were assembled in Athens.
Persia Attacks the Greeks
(pages 134–137)
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The Persian Wars (cont.)
• At the Battle of Salamis, the Greeks used their faster, smaller ships to defeat the Persian fleet.
Persia Attacks the Greeks
(pages 134–137)
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The Persian Wars (cont.)
• The Greek army won at Plataea.
• The Persians entered Athens and burned the city.
• This was the turning point of the wars with Persia.
Persia Attacks the Greeks
(pages 134–137)
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Daily Life in Athens (cont.)
The Age of Pericles
(pages 142–144)
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The Peloponnesian War
• Other city-states along with Sparta became suspicious of Athens.
(pages 144–146)
• Sparta Attacked Athens and laid siege to it.
• The war that broke out is known as the Peloponnesian War.
The Age of Pericles
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The Peloponnesian War (cont.)
• Athenians outside the city walls moved inside the city to protect themselves.
• In the second year of the war, a disease killed more than one-third of the people inside Athens’ walls, including Pericles.
• Sparta made a deal with the Athenians and built a navy.
The Age of Pericles
(pages 144–146)
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The Peloponnesian War (cont.)
• The Spartan navy defeated the Athenian navy, which brought supplies to the Athenians.
• Athens then surrendered.
The Age of Pericles
(pages 144–146)
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What was the effect of the Peloponnesian War on the city-states?
Many people died, and others lost jobs. Farmers also had their land destroyed. The Greeks could not reunite again.
The Age of Pericles
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The Age of Pericles
What caused the Peloponnesian War?
expansion of Athenian power and Spartan jealousy
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Describe the differences between Athens and Sparta.
Sparta emphasized the military and strict living, while Athens focused on democracy and culture.
The Ancient Greeks
Section 2 Sparta and Athens
Review Main Ideas
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The Ancient Greeks
What was the result of the Peloponnesian War?
Athens declined. Greece grew weaker, opening it to conquest.
Section 4 The Age of Pericles
Review Main Ideas
Ancient Greece c. 750 B.C.
Greek Colonies and Trade 750–550 B.C.
Sparta and Athens c. 700 B.C.
The Persian Empire 500 B.C.
Persian Wars 499–479 B.C.
The Peloponnesian War 431–404 B.C.