Post on 24-Dec-2015
Chapter 4:Rodent
Behavioral Learning Memory Models
From Mechanisms of Memory, second editionBy J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.
Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron
Blue Box 1
Of Mice and Rats
Figure 1
Open Field Apparatus
0 2 4 6 8 100
100
200
300
400
Time (min)
Tota
l dis
tanc
e (
cm)
0 2 4 6 8 100
10
20
30
Time (min)
Ve
rtica
l act
ivity
0 2 4 6 8 100.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Time (min)
Cen
ter/
tota
l dis
tanc
eA
B
Figure 2
C
Open Field Behavior
Figure 3
Elevated Plus Maze
Figure 4
Roto Rod
0 1 2 30
50
100
150
Trial
Tim
e (s
ec)
Figure 5
Rotating Rod Behavior
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Aco
ust
ic s
tart
le r
efle
x to
120
dB
noi
se
74 78 82 86 900
25
50
75
dB
% I
nhib
itio
n
A B
Figure 6
Acoustic Startle and Prepulse Inhibition
Hot Plate Test
0
10
20
+/+ n=26-/- n=20
Hin
d P
aw L
ick
Late
ncy
(s)
Shock Threshold
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
-/- n=6+/+ n=6
Flinching Jumping Vocalizing
Stim
ulus
Int
ensi
ty (
mA
)
Figure 7
Nociception Behavior
Figure 8
Visual Cliff
Figure 9
Fear Conditioning Chamber
TRAININGCONTEXTUAL
TESTCUED TEST
Cue-plus-contextual Fear ConditioningA.
TRAINING CONTEXTUALTEST
Context Alone ConditioningB.
Context DiscriminationTrain Test
Context 1 Context 2Context 1
C.
Figure 10
Variants of Fear Conditioning in Rodents
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
25
50
75
100
Time (min)
Fre
ezin
g (%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
25
50
75
100
Time (min)
Fre
ezi
ng
(%)
0 1 2 3 4 50
25
50
75
100
Time (min)
Fre
ezi
ng
(%)
Figure 11
Cued Contextual
Training
Cued-Plus-Contextual Fear Conditioning
Figure 12
Contextual Fear Conditioning in Rats
Figure 13
Step-Through Passive Avoidance
Step-DownPassive Avoidance
Train
Test: measure time to step through
Train
Test: measure time to step down
Passive Avoidance Paradigms
Shuttle BoxActive Avoidance
TrainTest: Can the animal avoid the shock?
Figure 13, continued
Active Avoidance
Figure 14
Passive Avoidance Data
Figure 15
Bar Press Operant and/ or Conditioned Place Preference
Corneal Air PuffElicits Eyeblink
ResponseCorneal Air PuffGiven with Tone
Tone Given AloneElicits Eyeblink Response
Figure 16
Eyeblink Conditioning in Rabbits
Start
Finish
Lashley Maze 4 Arm Radial (Plus) Maze
“Y” Maze“T” MazeTriangle Maze
8 Arm Radial Maze
Types of Mazes
Figure 17
The Morris Water Maze
CameraDistal Visual Cues
Platform
Figure 18
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Blocks of 4 trials
Esc
ape
Lat
ency
(se
c) Hidden Platform
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Blocks of 4 trials
Esc
ape
Lat
ency
(se
c) Visible Platform0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
129/SvImJ
Pla
tfor
m C
ross
ings
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
1
Qu
adra
nt
Sea
rch
Tim
e (%
)
Opposite
Right Trained
Left
Probe Test
A
B
D
COpposite
Right Trained
Left
Figure 19
Morris Water Maze – Experimental Results
Vehicle
Subject #66Path Length = 1154.2 cm
A
Subject #57Path Length = 1278.2 cm
30 mg/kg SL327
B
Path Tracking in the Probe Test
Figure 20
Spatial Cues
Escape Chamber
Search strategy A
Search strategy B
The Barnes Maze
Figure 21
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
LiCl NaCl
gram
s bl
uebe
rry
bar
Conditioned Taste Aversion
DAY 1
DAY 2
1st Exposure to Food Item
2nd Exposure to Food Item
Injection of LiCl or NaCl
Grams Ingested on 2nd Exposure(LiCl treated group compared to NaCl treated
control)
A B
Figure 22
Neophobia
Figure 23
DAY 1 DAY 2
1st Exposure to Food Item
A
2nd Exposure to Food Item
Grams Ingested(1st exposure compared to second exposure)
B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1st intake 2nd intake
gram
s bl
uebe
rry
bar
Figure 24
Novel Object Recognition
Figure 25
Memory Reconsolidation
Four Types of Experiments
Hypothesis: A→B→C
Experiment Prediction
• Determine • None (A makes C happen)
• Block • Blocking B should block A causing C
• Mimic • Activating B should cause C
• Measure • A makes B happen
Figure 26
The Four Basic Types of Experiments
Test Name Measurement Index Of:Open Field Analysis Distance Moved Over Time ActivityElevated Plus Maze Time Spent in Open Arms AnxietyRotating-rod Time to Fall Off Coordination and Motor Learning Acoustic Startle Force of Jump HearingPre-pulse Inhibition Suppression of Startle Sensorimotor GatingHot Plate Time to Lick Paw Nociception Hargreave’s Apparatus Time to Lift Paw NociceptionLight-Dark Exploration Time in Lit Chamber Vision Visual Cliff Suppression of Movement VisionFear Conditioning: Cued Freezing or Startle Auditory Associative Learning Fear Conditioning: Contextual Freezing or Startle Spatial Associative LearningPassive Avoidance Time Spent in Lit Chamber Spatial Associative LearningActive Avoidance Time Spent in Cued Chamber Operant ConditioningLever Press Number of Bar Presses Operant ConditioningConditioned Place Preference Time Spent in One Chamber Operant ConditioningEye-blink Conditioning Blink in Response to Cue Associative ConditioningSimple Maze Learning Errors or Time to Completion Spatial Learning, Working MemoryMorris Water Maze Quadrant Time, Platform Crossings Spatial MemoryBarnes Maze Errors Spatial MemoryConditioned Taste Aversion Food or Taste Avoidance Taste LearningNovel Taste Learning Attenuation of Neophobia Taste LearningNovel Object Recognition Time Spent with Object Recognition Memory
Behavioral TestsCommonly Used in Rodents