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CHAPTER 28
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
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CO 28
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Figure 28.1
FIGURE 28.1 Alternation of
generations in flowering
plants.The sporophyte bears flowers.
The flower produces
microspores within anthers and
megaspores within ovules by
meiosis. A megaspore becomesa female gametophyte, which
produces an egg within an
embryo sac, and a microspore
becomes a male gametophyte(pollen grain), which produces
sperm. Fertilization results in a
seed-enclosed zygote and
stored food.
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Figure 28.2
FIGURE 28.2 Anatomy of a flower.
A complete flower has all flower parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and
at least one carpel.
Flowers
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Pg 497
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Figure 28.3
FIGURE 28.3 Monocot versus eudicot flowers.
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Figure 28.3a
FIGURE 28.3 Monocot versus eudicot flowers.
a. Monocots, such as daylilies, have flower parts usually in threes. In
particular, note the three petals and three sepals.
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Figure 28.3b
FIGURE 28.3 Monocot versus eudicot flowers.
b. Azaleas are eudicots. They have flower parts in four or fives; note the
five petals of this flower. P = petal,s = sepal.
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Figure 28.4
FIGURE 28.4 Corn plants are monoecious.
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Figure 28.4a
FIGURE 28.4 Corn
plants are
monoecious.A corn plant has
clusters of staminate
flowers (a) and
carpellate flowers.
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Figure 28.4b
FIGURE 28.4 Corn
plants are monoecious.A corn plant has
clusters of staminate
flowers
(b). Staminate flowers
produce the pollen that
is carried by wind to the
carpellate flowers,
where an ear of corn
develops.
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Life Cycle of Flowering Plants
- Development of Male Gametophyte
- Development of Female Gametophyte
- Development of Sporophyte
Fi 28 5
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Figure 28.5
FIGURE 28.5 Life cycle of flowering plants.Development of gametophytes; A pollen sac in the anther contains
microsporocytes, which produce microspores by meiosis. A microspore
develops into a pollen grain which germinates and has two sperm. An
ovule in an ovary contains a megasporocyte, which produces a megasporby meiosis.
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A megaspore develops into an embryo sac containing seven cells, one ofwhich is an egg. Development ofsporophyte: A pollen grain contains
two sperm by the time it germinates and forms a pollen tube. During
double fertilization, one sperm fertilizes the egg form a diploid zygote,
and the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n)
endosperm cell. a seed contains the developing embryo plus stored food.
Fig re 28 5a
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Figure 28.5a
Figure 28 5b
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Figure 28.5b
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Development of Sporophyte
Figure 28 6
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Figure 28.6
Figure 28 6a
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Figure 28.6a
FIGURE 28.6
Pollination.
a. Cocksfoot grass,Dacylus glomerata,
releasing pollen.
Figure 28 6b
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Figure 28.6b
FIGURE 28.6 Pollination.
b Pollen grains of Canadian goldenrod, Solidago canadensis.
Figure 28 6c
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Figure 28.6c
FIGURE 28.6 Pollination.
c. Pollen grains of pussy willow, Salix discolor. The shape and pattern
of pollen grain walls are quite distinctive, and experts can use them to
identify the genus, and aven sometimes the species, that produced a
particular pollen grain. Pollen grains have strong walls resistant to
chemical and mechanical damage; therefore, they frequently becomes
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Flowering plants are heterosporous. Microspores
develop into sperm-bearing mature male
gametophytes. A megaspore develops into an egg-bearing mature female gametophyte. During double
fertilization, one sperm nucleus unites with the egg
nucleus, producing a zygote, and the other units with
the polar nuclei, forming a 3n endosperm cell.
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SEED DEVELOPMENT
Development of the Eudicot Embryo
Globular Stage The Heart Stage and Torpedo Stage Embryo
The Mature Embryo
Figure 28.7a
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g
FIGURE 28.7 Development of a eudicot embryo
Figure 28.7aa
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g
Figure 28.7ab
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g
Figure 28.7b
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Figure 28.7ba
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Figure 28.7bb
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Figure 28.7bc
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Figure 28.7bd
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Monocot Versus Eudicots
The embryo plus its stored food is contained within a
seed coat.
Figure 28.8
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FIGURE 28.8 Monocot versus eudicot.
a. In bean seed (eudicot), the endosperm has disappeared; the bean
embryos cotyledons take over food storage functions. b. The corn
kernel (monocot) has endosperm that is still present a maturity.
Figure 28.8a
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Figure 28.8aa
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Figure 28.8ab
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Figure 28.8b
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Figure 28.8ba
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Figure 28.8bb
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FRUIT TYPES AND SEED
DISPERSAL
Simple Fruits
Compound Fruits
Figure 28.9
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Simple Fruits
Figure 28.10
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Compound Fruits
Figure 28.10a
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Figure 28.10b
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Figure 28.10c
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Figure 28.10d
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In flowering plants, the seed develop from the
ovule, and the fruit develop from the ovary. Fruit
aid dispersal of seeds.
Figure 28.11
S d G i ti
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Seed Germination
Seed structure
Germination and growth
Figure 28.11a
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Figure 28.11b
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Figure 28.11ba
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Figure 28.11bb
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Figure 28.12
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Figure 28.12a
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Figure 28.12b
FIGURE 28 12 Corn kernel structure and germination
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FIGURE 28.12 Corn kernel structure and germination.
a. Grain structure. b. Germination and development of the seedling.
Figure 28.12ba
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Figure 28.12bb
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Figure 28.12bc
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G i ti i l t l t d b
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Germination is a complex event regulated by many
factors. The embryo breaks out of the seed coat and
becomes a seedling with leaves, stem, and roots.
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Figure 28.13
1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
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1.ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Tissue Culture of Plants
FIGURE 28.13 Asexual reproduction
in plants.
Meristem tissue at nodes can generate
new plants, as when the stolons of
strawberry plants, Fragaria, give rise to
new plants.
Figure 28.14
Tissue Culture of Plants
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Tissue Culture of Plants
FIGURE 28.14 Tissue culture.
a. When plant cell walls areremoved by digestive enzyme
action, the result is naked cells,
or protoplasts. b. Regeneration
of cell walls and the beginningof cell division. c. cell division
produces aggregates of cells. d.
An undifferentiated mass, called
a callus. e. Somatic cell
embryos such as this one appear.f. The embryos develop into
plantlets that can be transferred
to soil for growth into adult
plants.
Figure 28.14a
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Figure 28.14b
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Figure 28.14c
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Figure 28.14d
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Figure 28.14e
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Figure 28.14f
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Plant tissue culture is now well established The
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Plant tissue culture is now well established. The
starting material can be meristem tissue from almost
any part of a plant, or it can be adult cells, because
plant cells are totipotent if provided with the correct
hormonal/ nutrient solution.
Genetic Engineering of Plants
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Genetic Engineering of Plants
-Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineer ing
-Agricul tural Plants with Improved Traits
Figure 28.15
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FIGURE 28.15 maize
Figure 28.15a
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Figure 28.15b
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Figure 28.16
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FIGURE 28.16 Genetically engineered plants.
a. Genetically engineered herbicide-resistant soybean plants. b. Potato
plant that has not been genetically engineered to be resistant to pests. c.
Potato plant that is pest resistant.
Figure 28.16a
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Figure 28.16b
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Figure 28.16c
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Genetic engineering of plants is now a reality. The
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Genetic engineering of plants is now a reality. The
next generation of transgenic crops is expected to
have improved agricultural traits and food qualities
And to result in higher yeilds
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THE END
Figure 28.17
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Figure 28.17a
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Figure 28.17b
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Figure 28B
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Figure 28Ba
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Figure 28Bb
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Figure 28Bc
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Pg 515
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UNLABELED
COLOR ART
Figure 28.1
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Figure 28.2
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Pg 497
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Figure 28.5
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Figure 28.7a
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Figure 28.7aa
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Figure 28.7ab
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Figure 28.7b
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Figure 28.7ba
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Figure 28.7bb
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Figure 28.7bc
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Figure 28.7bd
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Figure 28.8
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Figure 28.8a
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Figure 28.8aa
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Figure 28.8b
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Figure 28.8ba
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Figure 28.9
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Figure 28.11
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Figure 28.11a
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Figure 28.11b
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Figure 28.11ba
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Figure 28.12
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Figure 28.12a
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Figure 28.12b
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Figure 28.12ba
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Pg 515
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Table 28.1
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Table 28.2
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Figure 25.19
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Figure 25.19a
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Figure 25.19aa
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Figure 25.19ab
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Figure 25.19b
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Figure 25.19ba
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Figure 25.19bb
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Figure 25.19c
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Figure 25.19ca
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Figure 25.19cb
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Figure 25.19d
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Figure 25.19da
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Figure 28Aa
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Figure 28Ab
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Figure 28Ac
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Figure 28Ad
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