Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy

Growth of Industrial Prosperity

The Second Industrial Revolution

• Bessemer Process– Henry Bessemer– Production of steel– Cheaper and more efficient process

• Electricity– Thomas Edison’s electrical lights– Joseph Swan’s light bulb– Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone– Guglielmo Marconi’s radio waves

The Second Industrial Revolution

• Internal combustion engine– Automobiles– The Wright Brothers’ airplane

• Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1903• Led to airlines beginning in 1919

• Assembly line (Henry Ford)– Manufactured goods more efficiently– Instead of the people moving, the product moved down a

conveyor belt– Led to mass production (benefits?)

Organizing the Working Classes

• Karl Marx– Communist Manifesto (1848)

• Industrial Revolution led to poor factory conditions• Capitalism was the problem behind it• Claimed all of world history is “history of class struggles”• Battle between:

– Bourgeoisie (Middle Class Oppressors)» Owned and ran everything

– Proletariat (Working Class Oppressed)» Controlled and owned nothing

– Eventually this will lead to revolution and destruction of classes

Organizing the Working Classes• Socialism– Parties formed based on Marxist ideas– German Social Democratic Party

• Wanted revolution to become one political party• Competition for election into parliament• Would allow for laws regarding working conditions to be passed

– However people were divided over how these parties should be run• Some wanted true Marxists ideas and revolution• Others wanted more peaceful methods (revisionists)

Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy

Emergence of Mass Society

The New Urban Environment

• Movement in populations– People moving to cities to find jobs– Before they lived in country and farmed– Led to need for improved housing and sanitation

• Europe in 1850 and 1890– England: 40% lived in cities (up to 60% in 1890)– France: 15% lived in cities (up to 25% in 1890)– Prussia: 10% lived in cities (up to 30% in 1890)

The New Urban Environment

• The Need for Sanitation– All new buildings needed running water and internal

drainage systems– Creation of aqueducts and tunnels to bring in fresh water

to cities– Introduction of gas and electric heaters for hot water– City officials required to frequently check buildings for

hazards– All used to combat diseases in the cities

Social Structure of Mass Society

• The New Elite– Top 5% of the wealthy– Controlled 30-40% of wealth in society– Bankers, merchants, industrialists, aristocrats

• The Middle Class– Made up of levels– Top: doctors, lawyers, engineers, architechs– Middle: shopkeepers, traders, farmers– Lower: salesmen, phone operators, bookkeepers

Social Structure of Mass Society

• The Working Class– Made up 80% of society– Skilled workers, unskilled workers, poor farmers,

sharecroppers– As time goes by, they earn better wages, better work

conditions, and shorter work days

Women’s Experiences

• Jobs– Second Industrial Revolution brought around job

opportunities (secretaries, typists, salesclerks)

• Marriage and Family– Women began having fewer children (Why?)– Children began working at the age of 9 or 10 in working

class families

Women’s Experiences

• Women’s Rights– Feminism

• The movement for women’s rights

– Rights fought for• Owning Property

– Most couldn’t own property until 1870 to 1900• Access to colleges

– Wanted to become doctors but mostly allowed to only be nurses

• Suffrage– The right to vote– Was not attained by the mass until after World War 1

Education

• Education– Meant only for the elite at first, spread to other classes at

the turn of the century– Working class kids went to school up until the age of 12 or

13– The whole goal of education for the masses was to create

better educated voters– Secondary goal was to create skilled workers for the

Industrial Revolution

Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy

The National State and Democracy

Western Europe

• Political democracy– Signs

• Universal male suffrage• Ministerial responsibility• Political Parties

– Great Britain• Established two-party system

– Liberals and Conservatives• Established prime minister• Voting rights: men over 21 and women over 30 (By 1918)

Western Europe

• Political democracy– France

• 3rd Republic (1875)– Republican constitution– President and two house system

» Senate elected by high ranking officials» Voters elected the lower house

Central and Eastern Europe• Germany– Established by Otto von Bismarck– Two house system

• Lower house elected by voters• Ministers of government reported to emperor not house

– Emperor• Controlled army, foreign policy, and bureaucracy

• Austria-Hungary– Established ministerial responsibility and two house

system– Emperor Francis Joseph ignored it all and did things his

way

Central and Eastern Europe

• Russia– Czar Nicholas II

• Began in 1894• Believed in absolute power of the czars• Socialism growing in Russia with industrialization• Revolt leads to changes

– 1905» Granted civil liberties» Established the Duma (Congress)

– By 1907 was taking power away from Duma again

The United States

• Post Civil War– 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery– 14th Amendment: Gave African Americans citizenship– 15th Amendment: Protected voting rights– By 1900

• Richest nation in the world• Top 10% had 70% of wealth

– Hawaii• Seen as a productive colony• Annexed in 1898 for its sugar fields and pineapples

– Spanish American War (1898)• Gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines from Spain

Creation of Alliances

• Triple Alliance (1882)– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Italy

• Triple Entente (1907)– Great Britain– France– Russia

Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy

Modern ideas and Uncertainty

Modernism

• 1870-1914• Rebellion against traditional style of art and literature• Literature– Addressed social problems

• Women in society• Alcoholism• Urban slums

– Symbolist writers• True reality was the human mind• Everything seen is just symbols of the mind

Modernism• Painting– Impressionism

• Went to the outdoors for inspiration (Nature)• Claude Monet

– Postimpressionism• Art as a spiritual experience• Vincent van Gogh (Starry Nights)

– Cubism• Geometric designs in art• Pablo Picasso

– Abstract• Line and color only (Speaks to the soul)• Wassily Kandinsky

Claude Monet- Japanese Bridge

Van Gogh- Starry Nights

Picasso- Houses on the Hill

Pablo Picasso- The Old Guitarist

Wassily Kandinsky-

Modernism• Architecture– Functionalism

• Buildings should be functional not ornate• Simplify buildings• Louis H. Sullivan

• Music– Igor Stravinsky

• The Rite of Spring (1913)– Bold rhythms and expressive sound

Uncertainty in Science• Marie Curie

– French Scientist– Discovered element radium

• Gave off energy known as radiation• Found within an atom

• Albert Einstein– Theory of Relativity

• Space and time not absolute but relative to who is looking at it• Matter is another form of energy

• Sigmund Freud– Psychoanalysis

• Allows therapist to go deep into a person’s mind and unlock memories

• Helped to unlock repressed memories to help heal

Extreme Nationalism• Social Darwinism– Herbert Spencer

• Social progress came from the idea “survival of the fittest”• Strong survive and weak die• Social progress stresses helping the weak/poor• Nations were in a “struggle for existence”

– Nations compete for resources– Used to justify racism and discrimination

Extreme Nationalism

• Anti-Semitism– Hostility towards Jewish people

• Dreyfus Affair– French military officer accused of selling secrets– Evidence showed otherwise

• Russia– Pogroms

» Organized massacres of the Jewish people» 25,000 emigrated from Russia

• Zionism– Movement to create homeland for Jews in Palestine