Chapter 24 History

ContentsI. Australia before 1788II. Colonial Australia (1788 -1900)III. Australia since Federation

Chapter 24 History

Ⅰ. Australia to Federation 1. Australia before 1788

2. Aboriginal Culture

3. Effects of European Settlement on the

Aborigines

Chapter 24 History

Ⅱ. Colonial Australia (1788-1900) 1. Early Discoveries

2.The British Colonization of Australia

3. The Gold Rushes and

the Eureka Stockade

4. The Effects of the Gold

Rushes

5. Australia between the

1860s and 1890s

Chapter 24 History

Ⅲ. Australia since Federation 1. Federation in 1901

2. Australia and the First World War

3. Australia between the Wars

4. Australia and the Second World

5. Australia since Second World War

Australia to Federation

1. Australia before 1788

The last Ice Age, 50 000-10 000 years ago, the first Aborigines came from Asia. They traveled from island to island and to Australia.

Australia to Federation

Originally, the Aborigines live in: • Northern coast• Southeast coast • Tasmania

Australia to Federation

2. Aboriginal Culture They lived by… Hunting

Fishing

Australia to Federation

Complex religious beliefs (shaped by the land)

Clear rules governing kinship and roles within

the tribe

A high degree of adaptation to the natural world

Traditional Aboriginal culture

Aboriginal art

Australia to Federation

3. Effects of European settlement on the Aborigines

European colonization

brought about

a total conflict of

cultures, and death

Why did colonization cause the death of many aborigines?

Australia to Federation

For Aborigines,For Aborigines, a) Copying of European habit of alcohol drinking.

b) Being driven away by Europeans from the settlements.

c) Death in conflicts d) Diseases brought by Europeans

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

1. Early Discoveries

Australia was first visited by people from Asia--Fishermen from the island of Indonesia, with a minor impact on the Aborigines.

Historians have reliable evidence of the discoveries of Australia by the Dutch in 1605. Australia was called “New Holland”.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

The first Englishman to reach Australia-- William Dampier; another man James Cook put Australia on the map.

In August 1768, he left England in a ship

Endeavour. Later he explored

New Zealand. and 3 weeks later, he

discovered New Holland and called it

New South Wales.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

2. The British Colonization of Australia

Industrial Revolution of 18th CenturyIndustrial Revolution of 18th Century

Social changes Social changes

Crimes, like stealing, burglaries and hold-upsCrimes, like stealing, burglaries and hold-ups

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

On May 13th,1787, seven ships under Captain Arthur

Phillip sailed from England.

on January 18th, 1788, they reached Botany Bay.

on January 26th, 1788, they settled at Port Jackson,

which became the city of Sydney.

And January 26th is celebrated as Australia’s National Day.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

What is the effect of convicts on Australia?

Convicts and convict system remained an important element in Australian’s identity for many years.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

3. The Gold Rushes and the Eureka Stockade

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

3. The Gold Rushes and the Eureka Stockade

The first major discoveries of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in the early 1850s resulted in gold rushes.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

At first, every miner had to pay a license fee of thirty shillings a month.

On 3rd December,1854, an armed revolt took place near Ballarat, Victoria.

Many miners armed themselves behind a stockade of wooden slabs and

raised a new Australian flag, which is known as the Eureka Stockade.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

Reforms caused by the Eureka Stockade:

• License fees were dropped to ten shillings a month.

• In the late 1850s Victoria introduced voting rights to all men and the secret ballot and so on.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

4. The Effects of the Gold Rushes• Ideologically,

the indigenous spirit was weakened;

a temporary imbalance of the sexes.• Economically,

Investment was promoted in Australia;

however, as gold mining changed in emphasis from individuals to company investment, there were bankruptcies and unemployment.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

4. The Effects of the Gold Rushes• Socially,

Cities expanded; new farms were set up; transportation and communications were improved.

• Politically,

Changes were introduced, such as a move towards responsible government in the colonies. New constitutions were drawn up.

• Damage to the environment.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

5. Australia between the 1860s and

1890s• The 3 decades following the gold rushes was a

period of great development.• All the major cities expanded in this period,

like Melbourne• By 1890 all colonies had made education free,

secular and compulsory.• A spirit of nationalism began to develop.

Colonial Australia(1788-1900)

Melbourne, in 1880sIt became the financial and commercial center of

Australia due to the gold rushes.

But by the 1890s, it was called

“Marvelous Melbourne”

because of bad smell and

bad living conditions.

Australia since Federation

1. Federation in 1901

January 1st,1901,the Common-wealth of Australia came into being.

The six colonies became

six states.

The first federal Parliament was Inaugurated

in Melbourne on May 9th. 1901.

a new nation

Australia since Federation

The reason for Federation are as follows:1)People of the colonies had many things in

common.2)It is absurd to have 6 approaches to common

issues; one defense for all of Australia would make better sense.

3)Free, Australia wide trade would be an advantage; Australia as a whole would be able to deal with major economic setbacks, or attract British capital.

4) In the 1880s and 1890s organizations acted as strong pressure groups in the campaign for federation.

Australia since Federation

One of the first measures of the federal parliament was the passage of Immigration Restriction Act in 1901,

known as the White Australia Policy.

Tip:

Australia since Federation

2. Australia and the First World WarIn 1914 Australian troops and the New Zealanders

joined British and French forces to fight the Turks at Gallipoli.

The force was called the Anzacs. A series of blunders on the part of the British commanders contributed to the defeat.

The Gallipoli Campaign was seen as a noble defeat. Since the late 1920s Anzac Day(25th April) has remained Australia’s most important holiday.

Australia was not attacked, but there were severe disruptions to daily life.

Australia since Federation

3. Australia between the WarsA large number of immigrants came to

Australia

Effects： Rural areas were opened up and secondary industry grew; Industrial unrest, poverty and unemployment

Australia since Federation

3. Australia between the WarsAn economic recovery during the 1934-

1939 period.In 1938 Australians celebrated the

sesquicentenial of the founding of Australia by white people. Aboriginal groups organized a “Day of Mourning and Protest”

Australia since Federation

4. Australia and the Second World War On September 1st 1939 Germany invaded Poland and

WWWⅡ started. Australia followed Britain’s lead.In January 1940 Australian troops first sailed for

overseas theater of war, and in the next 2 years they fought with the British against the Germans and Italians in northern Africa, the middle East and Mediterranean.

Japan’s entry into the war and Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.This threat united the Australians. More people enlisted in the armed forces.

Australia since Federation

5. Australia since Second World War

Labour Government Leaders:

Ben Chifley (1945-1949)He led Australia into

a period of national development

and reconstruction after the war.

Australia since Federation

5. Australia since Second World War

His government had 3 major objectives:

Full employment, social security and the Snowy Mountains Project.

By the late 1940s the Labour government had lost popularity because of great inflation and other social problems.

Australia since Federation

Robert Menzies(1950-1966)

There was a boom in

economy, industrial

development and

other aspects in this period.

Australia was called “the

lucky country ” in this

period.

Australia since Federation

Gough Whitlam (1972--1975)The new labour government instituted many

changes, such as establishment of diplomatic

relations with China,

introduction of self-

determination for

Aborigines,

and multiculturalism.

Australia since Federation

Malcolm Fraser(1975-1983)

His government was

noted for

cuts in spending

and giving assistance to

business and farming

interests.

Australia since Federation

Bob Hawke (1983-1991)His government’s changes:

1. Introduction of Medicare (a cheap health and medical

insurance scheme);

2. Tax reform;

3. Introduction of

a prices and

incomes

accord

Australia since Federation

A strong supporter of republicanism. 1992, he spoke in favor of a new flag

without “the flag of another country in its corner”

Paul Keating (1991-1996)

Australia since Federation

Kevin Rudd (2007--2009) Chinese name “Lu Kewen 陆克文”

Exercise

I. Fill in the following blanks: 1. The Commonwealth of Australia was

formed in the year of_______.2. It is believed that the first aborigines in

Australia came from_____ during the last ____ Age。

3. The first major discoveries of gold made in New South Wales and ____ in the early 1850 resulted in gold rushes.

Exercise

4. The Eureka Stockade which took place near Ballarat, _____ on 3rd December, ____, resulted in some reforms on the _______.

5. The colonies separated from New South Wales include_______, ________ and ________.

6. It was James _____ who finally put Australia on the map.

7. In the first World War, Australians and the New Zealanders joined British and French forces to fight the ____ at Gallipoli.

Exercise

8. Chifley government’s main objectives after the war included: full employment, social_________ and the Snowy Mountains Project.

9. Paul Keating was a strong supporter of ______.

10. The first decision made by Gough Whitlam’s new Labor government was to establish diplomatic relations with______.

Exercise

II. Explain the following terms: 1. Totem Aborigines believed thatThey were represented by totems, particular animals, birds or plants. People with the same totem could not marry.

Exercise

2. Gold Rushes The first major discoveries of gold in

New South Wales and Victoria in the early 1850s resulted in gold rushes.

3. Edmond Barton Edmond Barton was the first prime

minister of Australia and the founding justice of the High Court of Australia.

Exercise

4. White Australian Policy The White Australian policy

comprises various historical policies that intentionally restricted “non-white” immigration to Australia

from 1901. It was officially abandoned in 1975.

Exercise

5. Anzac Day ANZAC Day – 25 April – is probably

Australia's most important national occasion. It marks the anniversary of the first major military action fought by Australian and New Zealand forces during the First World War.

* ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

Exercise

III. Questions for discussion:1. Why did the British decide to colonize

Australia in 1788?2. Why did the six colonies join together to

form a federation in 1901?3. How did the Pearl Harbor incident affect the

Australian people?4. What are the three periods into which the

history of Australian is divided?5. What were the effects of European

settlement on the Aborigines?

If you want to know more, please check the following websites:

www.nla.gov.au/oz/histsite.html www.australia.gov.au/ www.australianhistory.org/ www.janesoceania.com/.../index1.htm