Chapter 16: The New DealChapter 16: The New Deal

Section 1: Forging a New DealSection 2: The New Deal’s Critics

Section 3: The Last Days of the New Deal

TRIVIA!TRIVIA!

The Constitution said that presidential elections are to be held in November.

Inaugurations in March. WHY????

In the old days it took time to get ballots to the counters.It took time for the new president to get to Washington.

“Lame Duck” Amendment“Lame Duck” Amendment That left the outgoing president in office for four

months.No power – like a lame duck.

Congress passed the “Lame Duck” Amendment the 20th Amendment in 1933 – moving the Inauguration to January.

Franklin Roosevelt was the last president sworn in in March and the first one to be sworn into office in January.

Who was Franklin RooseveltWho was Franklin Roosevelt 1882 – 1945 Rich and spoiled by his

mother. Interest in politics came

from his distant cousin, Theodore Roosevelt.

Smart, well-educated, and ambitious

Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt Married his distant

cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt in 1905

Six children, five survived to adulthood.

Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt Lawyer, politician, in New

York and in government work.

1921 – contracted polioNever regained the use of his legs

Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt Fight for his life from

polio Fight for his life between

his mother and wife

Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt Campaigned for a “New

Deal”Meant to recall his cousin TR’s “Square Deal” for voters

Eleanor RooseveltEleanor Roosevelt 1884 – 1962 Shy daughter of

dysfunctional family. Raised mostly by her uncle

TR. “Traditional” wife and mother

until Franklin’s polio. Became his eyes and ears

with the public.

FDR: Restoring the Nation’s HopeFDR: Restoring the Nation’s Hope Building public

confidence in the future was essential to calm panic and create support.

FDR: Restoring the Nation’s HopeFDR: Restoring the Nation’s Hope “We have nothing to fear

but fear itself.”FDR first inaugural

FDR: Restoring a Nation’s HopeFDR: Restoring a Nation’s Hope The Fireside Chats First Sunday of every

month in the evenings. Spoke to the nation as if

they were conversing in their living room.

Explained what he was trying to do.

Eleanor RooseveltEleanor Roosevelt MY DAY columns and

radio broadcasts

FDR: Restoring a Nation’s HopeFDR: Restoring a Nation’s Hope Eleanor: The Secret

Weapon!

The New DealThe New Deal Recalling his cousin

President Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” for Americans.

Progressive belief that government can help people with their problems that TR had started in 1900.

The First Hundred Days: The New DealThe First Hundred Days: The New Deal Roosevelt pushed

program after program through Congress to provide relief, create jobs, and stimulate economic recovery.

What would you do?What would you do? With everything that was

wrong in the country, what would you do – if you were president – to get people working and prosperous again?

Roosevelt: The First Hundred DaysRoosevelt: The First Hundred Days Stabilize financial

Institutions Provide relief and create

jobs Regulate the economy Assist homeowners and

farmers The TVA

Stabilizing Financial InstitutionsStabilizing Financial Institutions People needed to be able to

trust their banks. Closed ALL banks for ten

days. BANKING HOLIDAY.Federal officials went to all banks and went through their records to check their financial health.2/3 of banks passed the test and reopened.

Stabilizing Financial InstitutionsStabilizing Financial Institutions Americans regained

confidence in the banking system.

Began to put money in the bank.

Established FDICGovt. regulators check bank books to make sure good loans are being given.Guarantee depositor’s money.Give money to banks to give out as loans to help a local economy.

Stabilizing Financial InstitutionsStabilizing Financial Institutions Regulate the Stock Market. 1933: All companies had to

provide information on their finances before they can offer stock for sale.

Govt. regulation of buying on margin.

Stockwatch and the SEC to monitor stock sales and business.

FDR: The New Deal’s First Hundred DaysFDR: The New Deal’s First Hundred Days Regulated the value of

American money to get more exports of American farm goods and factory goods.

FDR: Providing Relief and Creating JobsFDR: Providing Relief and Creating Jobs Federal Emergency

Relief Administration (FERA)

Put money into PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS – building government facilities.

FDR: Providing Relief and Creating JobsFDR: Providing Relief and Creating Jobs CWA: Civil Works

Administration – put the unemployed to work building or improving roads, parks, airports and other facilities.

Four million employed.

FDR: Providing Relief and Creating JobsFDR: Providing Relief and Creating Jobs CCC: Civilian

Conservation Corps 2.5 million unmarried

young men put to work creating and maintaining forests, beaches and parks.

$30 a monthFree housing, food and medical care.

FDR: Regulating the EconomyFDR: Regulating the Economy NIRA: National Industrial

Recovery Act – June 1933. NRA: National Recovery Act Create fair business

practices in the country.Regulate fair wages / minimum wageEncouraged unionsControlled working conditions.

FDR: First Hundred DaysFDR: First Hundred Days PWA: Public Works

AdministrationBuilt Grand Coulee Dam in WashingtonNew York City’s Triborough BridgeThe causeway that connects Key West to the Florida mainland.

FDR: Assisting Homeowners and FarmersFDR: Assisting Homeowners and Farmers Most middle-income

homeowners were behind in their mortgages.

HOLC – Home Owners’ Loan Corporation – refinanced mortgages.

Made payments more manageable .1 million loans – but for many it still wasn’t enough to help keep houses.

FDR: Assisting Homeowners and FarmersFDR: Assisting Homeowners and Farmers FHA: Federal Housing

Administration – improves housing standards and conditions, insures mortgages, stabilizes mortgage market.

FDR: Help for FarmersFDR: Help for Farmers AAA: Agricultural

Adjustment Administration, offered subsidies to farmers.

If corn was only 50-cents and a farmer needed $1 to stay in business – the government guarantees the other 50-cents.

AAAAAA Also encouraged farmers

in what to plant and what not to plant.

TVA: Tennessee Valley AuthorityTVA: Tennessee Valley Authority May 1933: Helped

farmers and created jobs in one of the least developed regions.

Create cheap electric power and recreational opportunities in the entire Tennessee River valley.

REA: Rural Electrification AgencyREA: Rural Electrification Agency 1930s: 90% of

Americans in urban areas had electricity.

Only 10% of rural areas had electricity.

REA changed that!Brought power over 15 years to 98% of farms.

Key Players of the New DealKey Players of the New Deal Roosevelt’s “Brain Trust”

Informal group of intellectuals who helped draft policies.

Key Players of the New Deal: AppointmentsKey Players of the New Deal: Appointments Frances Perkins:

Secretary of Labor Mary McLeod Bethune:

Director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration

Key Players in the New DealKey Players in the New Deal

Don’t forget Mrs. Roosevelt!Traveled widely for her husband.Advocated for causes.Took stands against Jim Crow laws.

The Second New Deal: Second 100 DaysThe Second New Deal: Second 100 Days More social welfare

benefits Stricter controls over

business Strong support for unions Higher taxes on the rich.

Social Security SystemSocial Security System 1935 Old Age Pensions

and Survivors Benefits Unemployment benefits Aid to dependent

children, blind and disabled

Did NOT include farmers or domestic servants until 1954

Roosevelt’s Popularity in 1936Roosevelt’s Popularity in 1936 Ran against Republican

Alfred M. Landon. Electoral Vote: 528-8.

Limitations of the New DealLimitations of the New Deal Women African Americans

Limitations of the New Deal: WomenLimitations of the New Deal: Women Codes in Work Projects

allowed for women to be paid less than men.

Men and boys were to receive preference for jobs.

Limitations of the New Deal: African AmericansLimitations of the New Deal: African Americans Federal Work Projects in

the South reinforced segregation.

Not allowed to apply for management jobs or jobs on the TVA.

Received lower wages than whites for the work they did get.

Limitations of the New Deal: African AmericansLimitations of the New Deal: African Americans Because most African

Americans were farmers or domestic servants – Social Security did not cover 2/3 of African Americans!

African Americans in the New DealAfrican Americans in the New Deal Roosevelt would not

push for an anti-lynching law.

Too many Southern senators would have blocked every Roosevelt law if he tried to push through to retaliate.

African Americans in the New DealAfrican Americans in the New Deal Segregated Northern

neighborhoods often had stores owned by whites and employed only white workers.

Boycotts “Don’t show where you can’t work”

Political Critics of the New DealPolitical Critics of the New Deal It didn’t go far enough! There was still poverty in

America. Government needed to

own and operate factories and farms.

Political Critics of the New DealPolitical Critics of the New Deal It goes too far!!! Republicans didn’t like it.

Too much govt. in peoples’ lives.

Wealthy people considered paying extra income tax unfair.

Roosevelt was a traitor to the rich class.

Political Critics of the New DealPolitical Critics of the New Deal Social Security penalized

successful rich people by making them pay into the system.

Social Security numbers was the first step to making ours a militaristic society.

Dog tags with our SS numbers.

Other Critics of the New Deal: DemagoguesOther Critics of the New Deal: Demagogues Leaders who manipulate

people with half-truths, deceptive promises and scare tactics.

Father CoughlinHuey Long

Demagogue: Father CoughlinDemagogue: Father Coughlin Radio Priest who sermonized

to 10 million people. At first liked the New Deal,

then turned against it. Openly anti-Semitic (hated

and blamed Jews for problems in the country)

Praised Hitler. Catholic Church shut him up

in 1942.

Demagogue: Huey LongDemagogue: Huey Long Louisiana governor and

US senator. Unlike other Southerners

he did NOT use racism in campaigns.

Improved educationMedical carePublic services

Huey LongHuey Long BUT: You had to support

him to get the services! Broke from FDR because

he wanted to raise income tax on the wealthy to 60%

Gunned down by a rival.

Looking Back on the New DealLooking Back on the New Deal Deficit – If the

government SPENDS more than it collects in taxes.

Yearly number

Looking back on the New DealLooking back on the New Deal Roosevelt thought it was

more important to get people working.

Thought more people working meant more taxes being collected to pay for programs.

Deficit Spending.

Looking back on the New DealLooking back on the New Deal US Debt – YEARS of

deficits add up.

The New Deal’s Affect on CultureThe New Deal’s Affect on Culture Federal funds given to

support the arts. Literature

The Grapes of Wrath – John SteinbeckTheir Eyes Were Watching God – Nora Neale HurstonLet Us Now Praise Famous Men – Agee and Evans

The New Deal’s Effects on CultureThe New Deal’s Effects on Culture Radio and Movies

Comedies on Radio– Jack Benny, George

Burns, Gracie Allen

Soap Operas– 15 minute dramas meant

to create emotional responses in listeners.

– Housewives were the target audience.

The New Deal’s Effects on CultureThe New Deal’s Effects on Culture Hollywood movies showed

common people who triumphed over evil.

Mr. Smith Goes to WashingtonThe Wizard of Oz

Zany comediesMarx Brothers

Disney animationSnow White and the Seven DwarvesMickey Mouse

The WPA and the ArtsThe WPA and the Arts FDR said arts were not

luxuries that people should have to give up in hard times.

WPA: Funded unemployed artists, musicians, historians, theater people and writers.

The WPA and the ArtsThe WPA and the Arts Historians wrote state

guidebooks and collected life stories of immigrants, former slaves, etc.

The WPA and the Arts The WPA and the Arts Sent musicians and

actors out to visit the remote areas of the country and perform.

Sent musicians out to start community symphonies and give free music lessons.

Collected American folk music.

The WPA and the ArtsThe WPA and the Arts Thousands of artists

went to work painting 2,000 murals in mostly public buildings.

100,000 paintings 17,000 sculptures Photographs of people in

the Depression.

What did the New Deal Leave Behind?What did the New Deal Leave Behind? FDIC monitors banks TVA model of

government planning providing jobs, power, flood control and recreation.

SEC monitors the Stock Market and businesses.

What did the New Deal Leave Behind?What did the New Deal Leave Behind? Social Security

A Legacy of Hope A Legacy of Hope Greatest Achievement of

the New DealRestoring hope in the nation.The nation was more ready for the sacrifices and organization needed for WWII.