Post on 23-Feb-2016
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Chapter 16: Gunpowder
EmpiresOttomansSafavidsMughals
Empire Builders, 1683
Ottoman Empire
Rise of Empires: Ottoman Osman (1258-1326)
Unites Turks against Mongols Mehmed II (1432-1481)
Conquered Byzantine Empire Renamed city Istanbul Absolute monarchy; centralized state
Methods Ghazi (Muslim religious warriors) Gunpowder Janissaries
Devshirme—”Blood Tax”
Political Systems: Ottoman Sultans were at the head of the empire
The position of sultan was hereditary Many deaths among family members
took place because of this
Empire at its height under Suleyman Reigned 1520-1566
Mother was Christian Came to power through murder of brothers
Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa Conquered Syria, Holy Land, Egypt Conquered Hungary, Croatia, Rumania Siege of Vienna in 1529 - failed Built powerful navy to rule Mediterranean
Encouraged development of arts Beautified Constantinople with mosques
Social Systems: Ottoman Social Hierarchy
Warrior aristocracy become landed elite Merchants and artisans
Guilds Trade controlled by Jews and Christians
Peasants face heavy burdens from landowners Slaves (ghulam)
Christian males 8-15 were conquered and trained in palace school for work
Gender Roles Women subordinate to fathers and husbands Few scholarly or artistic opportunities Seclusion and veiling were imposed on women of all
classes Elite women influence politics
Hurrem Sultan Could participate in trade and moneylending
Economic Systems: Ottoman Timar system
Askeri was given a share of the agricultural taxes of a designated region Usually consisting of several villages In return for military service as cavalryman, assisted in provincial government They were exempt from taxation.
Gradually became hereditary
Timar was not feudalism Timar-holder did not dispense justice (Sultan did) Central government was active and crucial Timar more like Japanese shogun system
Tahrir The tahrir took place when a new area was conquered Team of officials surveyed, recorded by sanjak
Names of all adult male farmers All sources of wealth in the area Their yields and the taxes paid on them
Religious Systems: Ottoman Millet System
Each millet was headed by its own religious dignitary Chief rabbi in the case of the Jews Patriarchs for the Greek Orthodox, Armenian communities
Heads of millet were responsible to Turkish sultan Advised sultan on affairs in the community Was punished by sultan for problems of the community
Each community was responsible for The allocation and collection of its taxes Its educational arrangements Internal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance
In the pre-modern Middle East Muslims were NOT ruled by millets, they were ruled by Quran Muslims were tolerant of other religious
Culture: Ottoman Rebuilt Constantinople (Istanbul)
Suleymaiye (Blue) Mosque Built Aqueducts
Coffee Houses Center of social life Read poetry & have scholarly
discussions Architecture
Mimar Sinan compared to Michelangelo
Blue Mosque, Istanbul
Decline of Empires: Ottoman
The problems began with Selim II. The training of officials declined. Members of the elite were busy making their own fortunes, so
local government grew more corrupt and taxes rose. Wars depleted the imperial treasury.
Biggest problem was the influence of Western Europe. Clothes, furniture, tobacco and coffee were introduced. Some sultans tried to fight the trends of Western Europe.
One outlawed tobacco and coffee. If he caught anyone taking part in immoral or illegal behavior, he had them immediately executed
Ottoman conservatives Resisted innovations like the telescope, printing press Resisted western military innovations, industrialization Discouraged merchants, commercialism
Safavid Empire
Rise of Empires: Safavid Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia
Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) Under Ismail, the Safavid took control of much of Iran
and Iraq Claimed ancient Persian title of shah
Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Sunni Ottomans persecuted Shiites
within Ottoman empire Qizilbash considered firearms
unmanly; lost battle
Political Systems: Safavid Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629)
He usurped the throne from his father and imprisoned him. He later killed the man who helped him get the throne.
Revitalized the Safavid empire Modernized military Centralized administration New capital at Isfahan Permitted European merchants and missionaries
Sought European alliances To help attack the Ottoman Turks and regain lost lands Couldn’t keep all territorial gains, but did get Azerbaijan back
Social Systems: Safavid The role of the shah was that of a king. The social structure was:
Shah Bureaucracy and landed classes Common people
Women and Religion When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy, a
pressure to conform to traditional religious beliefs, increased.
Women were to give up freedom for a life of seclusion and the wearing of the veil.
Economic Systems: Safavid Long-distance trade was most important
Shared sections of east-west trade routes with the Ottomans early on in empire
Offered silk, carpets, and ceramics to Europeans
Religious System: Safavid The official religion was Shia Islam
The Shiites supported the shahs at first (Ismail was a Shi’ite Muslim).
They sent preachers to different areas to convert members of the Ottoman Empire.
Followers were qizilbash (or "Red Hats")
Culture: Safavid Isfahan was the jewel of the Safavids
it is still that for modern-day Iran The “queen of Persian cities” Central mosque, shown here
Artistic Achievements Silk weaving flourished Carpet weaving flourished more and
Persian rugs are still prized today. Riza-i-Abbasi is the most famous artist of
this time. He made beautiful works about simple subjects
such as oxen plowing, hunters, and lovers. They used soft colors and flowing movement in painting.
Decline of Empires: Safavid Religious Reasons
Shiite leaders urged shahs to persecute Sunnis, Sufis Non-Muslims lost many protections
Military decline Imported European weapons but never made their own Arsenals outdated; tactics outdated; systems outdated
Rise of Banditry, Piracy In countryside, many poor peasants took to banditry On seas, many ports and merchants too to piracy Trade disrupted, made Europeans mad, who often
retaliated
Mughal Empire
Babur
Akbar the Great
Rise of Empires: Mughal Babur (1482-1530)
Traced descent from Mongols Not motivated by religious fervor Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty
in India Central Asian Turks invaded India and
seized Delhi in 1526 By 1530, Mughal empire embraced
most of India
Political Systems: Mughal Akbar (reigned 1556-1605)
A brilliant, charismatic ruler Created centralized, absolutist government Encouraged religious tolerance between
Muslims and Hindus Eliminated head tax on Hindus, banned sati
Aurangzeb (1659-1707) Expanded the empire to almost the entire
Indian subcontinent Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus
taxed, temples destroyed His rule troubled by religious tensions and
hostility Arrival of Europeans: permitted them to
trade, establish bases
Social Systems: Mughal Women and marriage
Encouraged widow remarriage Discouraged child marriage Outlawed sati
Women and society Discouraged female seclusion Women were warriors and advisors in political
matters. They could own land and do business. Special market days for women.
Women and Hinduism The isolation of women was practiced in upper class
Hindu families. A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul rule
Economic Systems: Mughal Mughal empires less attentive to foreign or
maritime trading Mughals permitted stations for English, French, and Dutch Europeans gradually excluded Indian influence
Religious Systems: Mughal Religious diversity and tolerance under Akbar
Advocated “divine faith” called Din I‘-ilahi Emphasized loyalty to emperor Catholic missionaries welcomed at court of Akbar
Sikhism Founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539) Blend of Islam & Hinduism Personal salvation through disciplined, personal
meditation on God
Culture: Mughal Architecture
Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal capital, created by Akbar Combined Islamic style with Indian elements Site abandoned because of bad water supply Taj Mahal, exquisite example of Mughal architecture
Shah Jahan built it for his favorite wife, Mumatz Mahal. It combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic
styles.
Miniature painting flourished in Iran
Decline of Empires: Mughal Aurangzeb’s policies deterred the Hindus Rise of Sikhs Rise of Christians with coming of Europeans The British were the final straw.
Sir Robert Clive became the chief representative of the British East India Company.
He took control of Indian trade by taking Bengal. The BEIC could now tax the lands surrounding Calcutta.
The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against the British. The British moved inland. Trade brought money to the
British. The British were in India to stay.