Post on 16-Jan-2016
Chapter 15 & 16Student Presentations
2009
The Origin, Life, and Decline of the three Gunpowder Empires:
Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire
Originated in central Asia-established in NW corner of Anatolian peninsula
-westward expansion-strong political rulers
geared toward war/expansion
-took advantage of weaknesses in opponents
Strong militarySuleiman the Magnificent-Ruled over the Ottoman Empire at it’s peak
Janissaries-Compromised the elite Ottoman infantry
Some of the first to use firearmsExtremely skilled with
MusketsMade use of many
different firearmsGrenades Hand cannons or pistols
The Ottomans were able to conquer the areas that they did largely due to siege weapons and artillery
Picture depicting the Siege of Rhodes in 1522
Ottoman Cannon
Founded by Osman Bey (1280-1326)Orkhan I (1326-1360)- Bosporus, BalkansMurad I (1360-1389)-janissariesBayazid I (1389-1402)-TamerlaneMehmet II (1451-1481)- ConstantinopleSelim (1512-1520)- Northern Africa,
MesopotamiaSuleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566)-
Vienna 1529
Steady decline due to weak leadersCollapse in 1922
Safavid Empire
-Shah Ismail- descendent of Ali from Azerbaijan
-Established empire by conquering Iran and Iraq and eventually Baghdad giving him control of Persia
-Despite losing land to the Ottomans, the Safavids reached the height of their power under the rule of Shah Abbah (military and administration
Shah Ismail
Safavids were made of both nomadic Turks and sophisticated Iranians- needed unifying factor
Islam- Shi’ism became the state religionAbbah- strong ruler who made intellectual
curiosity an important fixture and created an effective government
Also foreigners in the government- neither the Turks or Iranians were used in government to avoid bias/conflict
InternalSuccession issues led to corrupt, militant Shiite
governing This led to an increase in social pressures and,
consequently, social unrest and revoltsExternal
Seeing Safavid weakness, Afgans invaded and seized capital at Isfahan
This forced out the Safavid ruling class and ended the Safavid Empire
Originated from present day YugoslaviaDescended from the Mongolian EmpireCreated by Babur, capital at Doab. moved into Afghanistan with his mobile cavalry
and took over India in 1504 Babur captured the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi in
1526, followed by son Humayon, capital to DelhiHumayon taxed the people unlawfully Followed by Akbar, use of heavy artilleryCreated a legal system, which was used by
Hindus and Muslims, was tolerantUNIFYING!!!!!!
Decline in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries provoked by harsh religious policies of Aurangzeb
Power of the emperor declined with the growing power of aristocratic families
Suffered invasions from Persia and Afghanistan
British occupation in 1804, formalized as a colony in 1805
Ottoman Empire Adoption and Adaption of Gunpowder,
Government, and Finance
Hyksos
Gunpowder and Warfare
One of the first Middle Eastern states to use gunpowder effectively– Used gunpowder weapons to conquer the Middle
East, North Africa, and the Balkans Slow to adapt innovations like the canon, and
conversion from matchlock firearms to flintlocks
The bronze Dardanelles cannon, used by the Ottoman Turks in the siege of Constantinople in 1453.
15th Century
First states to put gunpowder weapons into widespread use.
1440s, the Janissary corps of the Ottoman army used matchlock muskets
The army of Mehmet, conquered Constantinople – 1453, included both artillery
and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons
Mehmet II in Constantinople
16th Century Warfare
first widespread use of the matchlock musket as a crucial weapon on the battlefield.
The first of these campaigns was the campaign against the Persians in 1514 under Sultan Selim,
– Armed with gunpowder weapons, his army defeated the Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran
– After beating the Safavids, Selim turned his attention towards the Mamluk dynasty
There, Selim defeated the Mamluk artillery, and attacked the Mamluk forces with his Janissaries w/ firearms
– destroyed the Mamluk army that had traditional swords and javelins
16th Century Warfare 2
During the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, gunpowder weapons continued to be used effectively.
Battle of Mohacs in 1526. – During this battle,
Ottoman artillery, and Janissaries armed with muskets, were able to cut down Hungarian cavalry
Battle of Mohacs 1526
17th Century Warfare
By the 17th century they witnessed how ineffective the traditional cavalry charges were in the face of concentrated musket-fire volleys.
Janisseries were trained with muskets, became more heavily involved in the imperial army
Tower flintlocks from the 17th-18th centuries CE
By the middle of the 17th century, the continued reliance of the Ottomans on over-heavy artillery had been made out by European officers as a liability.
Governance Adaptations
Bey- tribal leader remain
in power by providing
pastureland and “booty,”
military and administrative
power Capital-bey location of
residence Tribal law
Evolve into position of
sultan- political and
military leader Fixed capital at
Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Islamic law
Ottoman governing system based largely on tribal traditions-evolved as problems of governing sedentary empire arose
Governance Adaptations
Sultan become hereditary, isolated in palace Grand vezir chief minister, sultan communicate
through, in charge of imperial bureaucracy Devshirme- system of training slaves
– Originate from tradition of local
clan leaders providing prisoners
to sultan Bureaucrats still elected partly
on merit Local rule still based on Turkish
tribal traditions Sultan Selim III holding an audience
Devshirme in the Topkapi
Palace
Finances
Originally beys in charge of providing booty and pastureland for loyal chiefs-economic support
Tribal leaders collect taxes from people on land, give 1/5 to bey
Senior officials given fiefs-land to local cavalry, collect taxes
Location in northwestern corner of peninsula-good access to trade, increase finances
Control trade between Black Sea and Mediterranean Pashas-tax collectors appointed by central govt
Location in northwestern corner of Anatolian peninsula-good access to trade, increase finances
Control trade between Black Sea and Mediterranean
Euro InvAsian
Ottomans Mostly Sunni Muslims State system based off
of Islam Sultan- protector of
Islam, caliph Tolerant of all other
religions besides Shiism All non- sunnis had to
pay taxes: dhimmis Devshirme system - Non muslim children
given to the state, made into slaves & converted
Sharia lawcode -Built huge mosques
Safavids Produced an artistic and
cultural renaissance within Islam (all three empires)
Ruled mostly Muslims (shi’a sunni)
Spread Shiism Persian religious scholars
in bureaucracy dynasty declined, religious
leaders become more independent, still served leaders
Majority of population converted to Shi’a Islam
Big part of Iranian identity
Religious teachers got state support
Mughals Akbar the Great- tolerant towards hinduism & islam: created
joint religion- Sikism to unify subjects -Hindus rose to high positions in administration No discrimination- high religious tolerance Rulers were born Muslim Conversions to Islam were not forced
TOLERANT NATION- LOVED HINUISM AND ISLAM
Safavid women Could divorce Arranged marriages,
usually by attorney Some acquired power by
becoming prostitute Active patrons of arts,
artchitecture and religious institutions (women related to royalty)
Man able to have mistresses. Women had to remain chaste.
Women had some freedom after death of Shah Abba in 1629
Had to wear hajab
Mughal women Secluded (viels) Had power Were more than objects
to please men Treated with respect Asked to participate in
political affairs Some forced to marry
Hindu men and convert to Hinduism
Arranged marriages Akbar the Great- strove
to improve women’s social status: prohibited sati, special market days, child marriage, widow remarriage
Ottoman vs. Safavid Dominated by warrior aristocracies who
shared power with monarch Warriors had own estates and often exploited
the peasantry Encouraged growth of handcraft production
and trade Safavids were less market-oriented than
Ottomans Women had social disadvantages of Islamic
culture –subordinate to fathers and husbands’ no expression outside the husband
Mughal Ottoman
Qing China and Mughal India
Immortals
Government
Adopted most of government from Ming dynasty
All positions were dual: One Manchu and one Chinese official – Manchu official had more power
Largely based on Confucian principals
Very effective military
Rulers not native born; from northern border
Many ideas adopted from Delhi Sultanate
Influential Mughal court Military nature of empire Very expansionist By 1698 Europe involved in
politics
QingMughal
Leaders
Kangxi Absolutist ruler Patron of the arts Pacified people of north and
west frontier Temporary religious tolerance Sacred Edicts
List of principals based on Confucian ideas
Stated conduct expected of subjects
Babur Founded Mughal dynasty Driven south by Uzbeks and
Safavids Akbar
United empire with Shiism; religious tolerance
Successors built on foundation
Golden Age under Shan Jhan
Economic
Qing Beginning- small towns,
mostly rural society 85% of population farmers Limited trade,
manufacturingPeasants, merchants
begin moving to urban areas
Increase in urbanization
Mughal Much agriculture
Rice, wheat millet grown in different regions
Also cash crops: cotton, sugarcane, indigo, opium
Evolving commercial economy, basis on oceanic trade
Economic (cont.)
Mughals 1498 – Arrival of
Portuguese at Mughal port
1608 – tried to stop trade with British
British caused tension over taxesBritish wanted to be
exempt
Qing Increased trade and
manufacturing Beginning of trade
w/Europe, regulated at Canton
Trade of silk, porcelain, tea
Social
Qing Followed some Chinese
traditions Changed hairstyle and
dress (queue) Arranged marriages Clan lineage Rise in population: large
families for farming
Mughal Landed gentry most
powerful Emergence of merchant
class Wealth based on
economic prosperity, not birth
Women
Qing In charge of finances and
education Inferior to men Marriages remain
arranged, and women often divorced if no male heir produced
Some say in family matters
Mughal Women active in
society Could get education Women in the harem
had political influence Allowed to own land Many learned to paint
and write poetry
Resistance to Western Influence
Qing At first, trade between Europe
and China fairly prosperous China believes its own
products are best; do not want European items
The Chinese anger Europeans by refusing to trade for manufactured goods
Mughal 1608 – banned British
from trading at Surat Mughal power declined
and British able to set up factories at Fort William and Madros
Tax exemption issues causes tension between European traders and Mughal merchants
Western Influence (cont.)
Qing Only licensed trading
firms at Canton for trade between the west and China
Later confined Europeans to a small island on which they could only reside from October to March
Mughal Battle of Plassey –
British try to invade, win right to be tax exempt
British eventually dominate all of India
Mughals essentially fail resisting west
Japanese Japanese UnificationUnification
““The Three Great Unifiers”The Three Great Unifiers”
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Artemis’ Prey
Prior System of FeudalismPrior System of Feudalism• Emperor held highest esteem,
Shogun still head of power • After the Onin War, disruption and
fragmentation• Hierarchy of nobility holding land,
vassals, majority peasants, samurai
• Decentralization, feudal warfare• Unifiers (successful and potential)
attempted centralization• Civil War within Japan • Decrease in trade• Feudalism continued until 1700s
but stability with central authority from “Three Great Unifiers”
Oda Nobunaga Oda Nobunaga
• Son of samurai, powerful familySon of samurai, powerful family• Leading daimyo in the Sengoku era, skilled warriorLeading daimyo in the Sengoku era, skilled warrior• Intelligence in economics led to success (macro microeconomics)Intelligence in economics led to success (macro microeconomics)• At Father’s death, received land and power at Nagoya At Father’s death, received land and power at Nagoya enemies enemies
within family, Oda had younger brother killedwithin family, Oda had younger brother killed• Soon gained total control of Owari region Battle of Okehazama (fire Soon gained total control of Owari region Battle of Okehazama (fire
arms used)arms used)• 1568 wins Kyoto, rules under Askato Shogunate until its fall 15731568 wins Kyoto, rules under Askato Shogunate until its fall 1573• Implemented firearms, ironclad ships along with spread of Implemented firearms, ironclad ships along with spread of
European goodsEuropean goods• Unopposed to Christianity (missionaries present), spiteful towards Unopposed to Christianity (missionaries present), spiteful towards
BuddhismBuddhism• 1582 sent his general Toyotomi Hideyoshi to the west for military 1582 sent his general Toyotomi Hideyoshi to the west for military
attack attack Nobunaga killed Nobunaga killed
Toyotomi HideyoshiToyotomi Hideyoshi• Born to peasant familyBorn to peasant family• As a young man, found job working for Nobunaga, As a young man, found job working for Nobunaga,
rose to be chief generalrose to be chief general• At Nobunaga’s death 1582 Hideyoshi rose to At Nobunaga’s death 1582 Hideyoshi rose to
positionposition• 1590 control of Japan was solely Hideyoshi’s1590 control of Japan was solely Hideyoshi’s• Daimyo and local lords given control of territory Daimyo and local lords given control of territory
separate armies and taxations were numerous separate armies and taxations were numerous • Made social reforms (disarming population, Made social reforms (disarming population,
movement of solidiers)movement of solidiers)• Gained new territory of southern islandsGained new territory of southern islands• Attempted to amass Korean support to invade China Attempted to amass Korean support to invade China • 1592, army 150,000 reached southern Korea1592, army 150,000 reached southern Korea with with victory at Soeulvictory at Soeul but was halted by Chinese but was halted by Chinese• Strenghtened rule through public festivities and Strenghtened rule through public festivities and
approvalapproval of the emperorof the emperor• 1598 Hideyoshi fell ill, no successor1598 Hideyoshi fell ill, no successor
Osaka Castle-
Toyotomi headquarters
Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Ieyasu• Born out of a military clanBorn out of a military clan
– Inherited father’s fragmented territoryInherited father’s fragmented territory• Close confidant and ally of Nobunaga Close confidant and ally of Nobunaga
– Top general for HideyoshiTop general for Hideyoshi• Built up new capital at EdoBuilt up new capital at Edo• Defeated main rival Ishida Mitsunari, Defeated main rival Ishida Mitsunari,
16001600• Continued in hope of centralizationContinued in hope of centralization
in 1603 to name himself Shogunin 1603 to name himself Shogun• Placed strict system which unified Japan Placed strict system which unified Japan
with unwavering policies concerningwith unwavering policies concerning– External relationsExternal relations– TradeTrade– EconomicsEconomics
Edo, Japan
Ieyasu
“Three Great
Unifiers”Three unifiers
centralized power by enforcing
their rule over daimyo and samurai, like
what is shown in this
picture
Unifiers in HarmonyUnifiers in Harmony
• Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu worked together to centralized Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu worked together to centralized Japan Japan overthrowing Ashikaga Shogunate and finally est. overthrowing Ashikaga Shogunate and finally est. Tokugawa Tokugawa
• New methods of centralization including political, social, New methods of centralization including political, social, militaristic reforms militaristic reforms
– After years of inconsistency, stability was achieved with After years of inconsistency, stability was achieved with unwavering policies and new strict lawsunwavering policies and new strict laws
• New weapons, allies, strength to emperor, disarming New weapons, allies, strength to emperor, disarming soldierssoldiers
• Each used feudalism to their advantageEach used feudalism to their advantage
– Amassing their estates, allying with others, rising in rankAmassing their estates, allying with others, rising in rank
• Fair play achieved greatness Fair play achieved greatness
UnityPeace
Window to the WestWindow to the West• Main impact of Unifiers:Main impact of Unifiers:
– New influences New influences concerningconcerning• Religion, missionariesReligion, missionaries• Trade, availability of Trade, availability of
goodsgoods• Intellectual & cultural Intellectual & cultural
developmentdevelopment• Unified members of Unified members of
society society • NationalismNationalism
…But how long will it last?
Japanese and Chinese Japanese and Chinese responses to European responses to European
contactcontact
The Great KhansThe Great Khans
ChinaChina• China is at its height under the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911)
dynasties • Under the Qing- commercial development of the Ming, agricultural
production, and territorial expansion reached new heights• A primitive national market is developed
– By the end of the 1800s China experiences social unrest due in large part to population pressure
– National market’s power and influence decreases• The interaction between the Asian and European countries was
complicated – Unequal balance of trade between China and the Europeans– Europeans wanted to set up large ports throughout China and
China was against the idea• Events lead China to limit contact with the West
– During a time when the West is entering a period of rapid scientific and technological development in which all countries would eventually participate
China and BritainChina and Britain• British replaced Portuguese as dominant
country in European trade• East India Company established trading post
at Canton, located in South China in 1699• Trade with Britain greatly increased• Response: Qing limited trade by restricting
Europeans to small island– Only allowed to live there from October to
March• End of eighteenth century Britain demanded
access to more cities along the coast– Wanted Chinese to open country to their
manufactured goods– Uneven balance of trade between two
countries• Lord Macartney visited Beijing to ask for
removal of the restrictions– Response: Emperor Qianlong had no
interest in British manufactured products and declined offer
China and PortugalChina and Portugal• The Portuguese first reach China in 1514 • Trading pirates displeased Chinese
government– build a fortress on Chinese territory– disrupt established trade patterns
• By 1557 Chinese government granted Portuguese trading rights on the peninsula of Macao
• The Portuguese become involved in trade between China and Japan
• Asia is the center of the world economy and China a "sink" for silver
• Advanced commercial development takes the place of industrial development in China
– geographic unity, river systems, and canals facilitate the development of internal trade
• Response: later Ming rulers decided to cut off China from trade with Portugal, became isolated
Map of Ming territory
China and Japan’s attitude towards China and Japan’s attitude towards EuropeansEuropeans
• China and Japan’s governments tried to limit initial contact to with Europeans
• European voyages of exploration were brought to East Asia by the 1500s
• Change in political situations in China and Japan made interaction complicated along with Western nations’ interest in colonization
• Economic and theological disagreements among European powers/missionary groups upset the central governments of Japan and China– both were concerned that contact with Europeans could
cause disruption in their countries
JapanJapan In 1543 the Portuguese traders reach Japan Followed by the Jesuit missionary order
St. Francis Xavier arrives in Japan in 1549 The Jesuits get along with the daimyo of the
samurai class and are initially well received by leading daimyo Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, two daimyo crucial
to the reunification of Japan accept the Jesuits Arrival of the Portuguese is followed by the Dutch
and British battled to destroy the Portuguese and Spanish
control of the Asian spice trade The East India companies established by the Dutch
and British, become active in the early 1600s The Dutch (1609) and the British (1613) establish
trading relations with the Japanese with ports on the Japanese islands
At first Japanese curious of and interested in tobacco, spectacles, clocks, weapons
Francis Xavier
Dutch East India Company (VOC) flag
Japan and the ChristiansJapan and the Christians• Society of Jesus began to use city of
Nagasaki for not only trading but missionary purposes
• Europeans began to intervene in politics and loyalty by Christians to Japanese was not always withheld
• Christians destroyed local temples and shrines
– Response: Suspicion of Christian Europeans led to 1587 edict prohibiting Christian activities and ordering Jesuits to leave under Hideyoshi
• Missionaries continued to stay and convert local peoples, stirring up trouble that led to deaths and evictions
– 1637 Christian peasant revolt- bloodily suppressed
Response: Japanese ordered prohibition of trade with the West and ended up closing major factories on Hirado and Nagasaki
Painting of Christian missionaries coming to Japan
Japan’s restrictions on tradeJapan’s restrictions on trade Response: "Act of Seclusion" in 1636- Japan is "secluded" from
interchange with Western Europe (but not with East Asia) for the next 200 years
Only the Dutch maintain a small outpost on an island in Nagasaki Harbor because their missionaries didn’t interfere with trade- restrictions established– Dock at Nagasaki once a year to remain for 2-3 months– Strictly confined on islands
Books obtained from the Dutch are translated into Japanese and "Dutch learning" forms the basis of the knowledge of developments in the West throughout this period
Trade continues with the Koreans and Chinese exchange of goods and ideas with China is maintained The East Asian political order with China at the center is reinforced
Response: Japanese people couldn’t leave Japan and weren’t allowed to engage in foreign trade Some trade with China and Korea allowed