Transcript of CHAPTER 13 FORESTS RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing a forest ecosystem one tree at a time.
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- CHAPTER 13 FORESTS RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing a forest
ecosystem one tree at a time
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- RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing a forest ecosystem one tree
at a time 13 At the end of this chapter you will know:
Characteristics of and structure for forest biomes. How species are
adapted to survival at each level. Current state of and potential
action to improve our forests. Learning Outcomes
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- 13 Main Concept RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing a forest
ecosystem one tree at a time The high economic value of forests
must be balanced with management practices that allow us to harvest
forest resources without destroying the ecosystem and its potential
for sustainable resources.
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- 13 RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing a forest ecosystem one
tree at a time Case study: In less than a lifetime, parts of Haiti
have gone from productive agriculture to barely subsistence
farming. Without the protective qualities of forests, tropical
storms hit harder and mudslides have become dangerously
destructive. To counter the effects of lost forests, communities
are coming together to plant trees, so ecosystem services can be
restored. Efforts at solutions: With assistance from American
ecologists, communities in Haiti are planting a mix of fruit and
timber trees. Each member of the community has responsibility for
their own saplings in anticipation of the day when sustainable
forestry becomes the bridge between the needs of people and of
nature.
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- 13 RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing a forest ecosystem one
tree at a time Case study: In less than a lifetime, parts of Haiti
have gone from productive agriculture to barely subsistence
farming. Without the protective qualities of forests, tropical
storms hit harder and mudslides have become dangerously
destructive. To counter the effects of lost forests, communities
are coming together to plant trees, so ecosystem services can be
restored. Efforts at solutions: With assistance from American
ecologists, communities in Haiti are planting a mix of fruit and
timber trees. Each member of the community has responsibility for
their own saplings in anticipation of the day when sustainable
forestry becomes the bridge between the needs of people and of
nature.
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- History: European settlers arrived 500 years ago. Each century,
the formerly lush green forests were cleared for coffee and sugar
plantations for sale to overseas markets, and to provide fuel for
heating and cooking in Haiti.11 RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing
a forest ecosystem one tree at a time The impact over the years has
been a 98% loss of original forests, loss of top soil, undrinkable
water, and the creation through resource loss of one of the poorest
countries in the world. Problems to be addressed: Forests provide
so many services (food, energy, building materials, agricultural
areas, etc.) that alternative sources for these materials and
services must be found, so the forests have time to
regenerate.
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- History: European settlers arrived 500 years ago. Each century,
the formerly lush green forests were cleared for coffee and sugar
plantations for sale to overseas markets, and to provide fuel for
heating and cooking in Haiti.13 RETURNING TREES TO HAITI Repairing
a forest ecosystem one tree at a time The impact over the years has
been a 98% loss of original forests, loss of top soil, undrinkable
water, and the creation through resource loss of one of the poorest
countries in the world. Problems to be addressed: Forests provide
so many services (food, energy, building materials, agricultural
areas, etc.) that alternative sources for these materials and
services must be found, so the forests have time to
regenerate.
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
TERMS TO KNOW: Deforestation Forests cover about 30% of Earths
landmass and support more than 50% of the terrestrial life on the
planet and more than 60% of our photosynthetic leaves.
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
Largest terrestrial biome, high elevations, low latitudes, short
growing season, acidic soils, major trees are evergreens. Boreal
Forest (Taiga) Each type of forest biome has a slightly different
range of temperature and precipitation.
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
Distinct seasons, fertile soil, rich and diverse plant life, trees
are predominantly evergreens and deciduous. Temperate Forest Each
type of forest biome has a slightly different range of temperature
and of precipitation.
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
Tropical Forest Each type of forest biome has a slightly different
range of temperature and of precipitation. Distinct seasons,
fertile soil, rich and diverse plant life, trees are predominantly
evergreens and deciduous.
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
TERMS TO KNOW: Boreal forests Temperate forests Tropical forests
Canopy Emergent Understory Forest floor Volunteers planting 25,000
donated trees in Mahotiere, Haiti, to combat soil erosion. Distinct
seasons, fertile soil, rich and diverse plant life, trees are
predominantly evergreens and deciduous. Tropical Forest
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
Forests have a distinctly layered structure: canopyoverlapping
trees making up the ceiling of the forest; emergenttaller trees
peeking out from the canopy; understoryshade-tolerant and possibly
forming a second canopy; and floor often nutrient-rich area of
flowers and seedlings along with decomposing leaf litter.
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
Forests have a distinctly layered structure: canopyoverlapping
trees making up the ceiling of the forest; emergenttaller trees
peeking out from the canopy; understoryshade-tolerant and possibly
forming a second canopy; and floor often nutrient-rich area of
flowers and seedlings along with decomposing leaf litter.
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- Forest biomes are determined by temperature and precipitation13
Forests have a distinctly layered structure: canopyoverlapping
trees making up the ceiling of the forest; emergenttaller trees
peeking out from the canopy; understoryshade-tolerant and possibly
forming a second canopy; and floor often nutrient-rich area of
flowers and seedlings along with decomposing leaf litter..
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- Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number
of threats13 One of the commercial uses of forestry in Haiti is
production of charcoal that is used by villagers and also sent to
the city as a major fuel source. Charcoal ignites more easily than
wood and is used extensively. The Haitians themselves were
destroying their habitat by slow cooking wood to make charcoal.
They were also increasing their incidence of respiratory disease
and contributing greenhouse gases through the processing and use of
wood for charcoal. Charcoal sellers in the Carrefour Feuilles
district of Port-au-Prince
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- Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number
of threats13 Along with the economic potential of the trees
themselves, other organisms at each level of the forest also
provide critical services through chemical cycling. Soil is formed
by the forest as leaves and branches decay. The product of
decomposition is a nutrient-rich forest floor that can support a
wide variety of other plants that, in turn, support consumer
diversity. Barahona Coast, Dominican Republic
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- Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number
of threats13 Rich plant life also pulls a large amount of CO 2 from
the atmosphere, using it for photosynthesis and storing it as
potential energy. This is the energy we release when we burn wood.
The soil created by the forest processes anchors plants to the
ground. Plants held in place pick up, process, and store both
nutrients and toxins.
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- Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number
of threats13 TERMS TO KNOW: Runoff Carbon sinks Ecosystems
contribute to the daily functioning of Earths natural services and
to the well-being of humans and other animals. Calculations of
ecosystem worth place it higher than the entire global economy.
Ecosystem services Economic value Sociocultural benefits
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- Ecosystem services Economic value Sociocultural benefits
Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number of
threats13 TERMS TO KNOW: Runoff Carbon sinks Ecosystems contribute
to the daily functioning of Earths natural services and to the
well-being of humans and other animals. Calculations of ecosystem
worth place it higher than the entire global economy.
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- Ecosystem services Economic value Sociocultural benefits
Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number of
threats13 TERMS TO KNOW: Runoff Carbon sinks Ecosystems contribute
to the daily functioning of Earths natural services and to the
well-being of humans and other animals. Calculations of ecosystem
worth place it higher than the entire global economy.
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- Ecosystem services Economic value Sociocultural benefits
Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number of
threats13 TERMS TO KNOW: Runoff Carbon sinks Ecosystems contribute
to the daily functioning of Earths natural services and to the
well-being of humans and other animals. Calculations of ecosystem
worth place it higher than the entire global economy.
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- Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number
of threats13 TERMS TO KNOW: Runoff Carbon sinks Reasons for
deforestation: Harvesting forests for wood and wood products
Conversion of forests for agriculture Urbanization and energy needs
in the city
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- Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number
of threats13 Reasons for deforestation: Harvesting Conversion
Urbanization
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- Forests provide a range of goods and services and face a number
of threats13 Reasons for deforestation: Harvesting Conversion
Urbanization
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) History of forest management: Gilford Pinchot
Introduced the idea of sustainable forestry (1905). Maximum
Sustainable Yield Harvest only as much as can be sustainably
produced or replaced. Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Mandates
that national forests be managed to balance multiple (sometime
conflicting) uses (1960). Forest Ecosystem Management (FEM) Manage
the ecosystem as a whole rather than focusing on timber yields
(present).
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental
impact.
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Technique Clear-cutting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Technique Clear-cutting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Strip harvesting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Strip harvesting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental
impact.
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Select harvesting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Select harvesting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
Management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Shelterwood harvesting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
Management (FEM) Ways to harvest trees from a forest Each has
trade-offs between economic realization and environmental impact.
Shelterwood harvesting
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- Forests can be managed to protect or enhance their ecological
and economic productivity13 TERMS TO KNOW: Hectares (ha) Maximum
sustainable yield Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Forest ecosystem
management (FEM) Trees planted during restoration included moringa
(a fast-growing nitrogen fixer), mango, avocado, and citrus trees,
followed last by plantings of slow-growing timber trees.
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- There are several ways to protect forests, but each comes with
trade-offs13 TERMS TO KNOW: Ecotourism With reforestation under
way, only part of the problem is addressed; people also still need
a source of energy. One approach is to price the ecosystem service
being lost as a component of the wood being harvested. Money from
higher costs is returned to the landowners. Higher utility bills in
the urban centers could generate funding that can be applied to
maintaining the rainforest. For example, the rainforest purifies
water. With each piece of the rainforest given over to agriculture,
water purification is reduced.
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- There are several ways to protect forests, but each comes with
trade-offs13 TERMS TO KNOW: Ecotourism Applying the intrinsic value
of nature, forests are being translated into income through
tourism.
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- PERSONAL CHOICES THAT HELP13
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- UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE13
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- 13
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- ANALYZING THE SCIENCE13
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- 13 299,378. 7,000,000,000 Productive Functions of Forest
Resources www.fao.org/dorep/01 3/757e/i1757e00.htm
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- EVALUATING NEW INFORMATION13 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
www.fsc.org
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- MAKING CONNECTIONS13
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