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Chapter 13:Conflict and

PeacemakingSAMSON, SANTIAGO, SILVESTRE, SUCALDITO

TENEFRANCIA & YU

2PSY4

What creates conflict?

How can peace be

achieved?

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Chapter 13 OverviewGuide questions we can analyze interactively

What social situations

feed conflict?

What are the processes

that enable theachievement of peace?

Social Dilemmas

Competition

Perceived Justice

Misperception

Contact Cooperation

Communication

Conciliation

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Conflict

 A perceived incompatibilityof actions and goals.

What causes conflict?

• Social Dilemmas

•

Competition• Perceived Justice

• Misperception

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Conflict:

Social Dilemmas

Social traps: when twogroups or persons in

opposition are found in ascenario where each has

the potential to bedestructive in behavior dueto pursuing self-interests.

Two laboratory gamesthat are each anexample of a socialtrap:

• The Prisoners’

Dilemma

• The Tragedy of

Commons

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The Prisoner’s Dilemma

Most people wouldchoose to confess to be

granted immunity.

Self-interest would beseen in the confession.

You can think of it as a“win-win” situation. Ifthe other does not

confess, you go free.However, if he/she does,then he/she does not get

the immunity

Two suspects are being

questioned by the districtattorney who creates an incentive

 for each to confess privately.

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The Tragedy of Commons

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The Tragedy of Commons

This phenomenon occurswhen people take inmore than their fair

share of the “commons”that lead to its collapseor “tragedy” due to lack

of regulation or fear thatothers might diminish the

“commons”  

“Everybody’s businessbecomes nobody’s

business.” 

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Similarities between the two social traps

 – The Fundamental Attribution of Error

• Both tempts you to think and explain why you

acted that way and also explain the behavior of

your partner

 – Evolving Motives

• Motives often change

 – Outcomes Need Not Sum to Zero

• Non-zero-sum Games

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Conflict:

Competition

Social traps: when twogroups or persons in

opposition are found in ascenario where each has

the potential to bedestructive in behavior dueto pursuing self-interests.

Two laboratory gamesthat are each anexample of a socialtrap:

• The Prisoners’

Dilemma

• The Tragedy of

Commons

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Conflict:

Perceived Justice

Equity  Equality 

People perceive justice as:

i

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Equity

People perceived justiceas equity –  the

distribution of rewards in proportion to individualcontributions (Walster &

others, 1978).

If one contributes moreand benefits less than the

other, he will feelexploited and irritatedwhile the other one willfeel exploitative and

guilty (Greenberg, 1986;Messick & Sentis, 1979).

• Western Capitalistnations

• Individualistic cultures

li

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Equality

Some non-capitalistcultures define culture not as equity but as a

equality or even fulfillment of need .

“From each according tohis abilities, to each

according to his needs”(Karl Marx).

• Collectivist cultures

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Mirror-Image

Perceptions 

“If A expects B to be hostile, A may treat B in such a way

that B fulfills A’s expectations, thus beginning a viciouscircle (Kennedy & Pronin, 2008).

Opposing sides tend to have a “bias blind spot” in whichthey see their own understandings as not biased by

their liking or disliking for others; but those whodisagree with them seem unfair and biased (Frantz,

2006).

Reciprocal views of each otheroften held by parties in conflict;

for example, each may viewitself as moral and peace-loving

and the other as evil andaggressive.

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Simplistic

Thinking

When tension rises, rationalthinking becomes more

difficult (Janis, 1989).

View become more simplisticand stereotyped and seat-of-

the-pants judgments become

more likely (Carnevale &

Probst, 1998)

Inflexible thinking

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Shifting

Perceptions 

When in conflict, do not assume

that the other fails to share yourvalues and morality. Rather,compare perceptions, assumingthat the other is likely perceivingthe situation differently (Myers,2013).

Images of our enemies change

with amazing ease.

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Peace

 A condition marked by low levelsof hostility and aggression and bymutually beneficial relationships.

How can peace be achieved?

• Contact

•Cooperation

• Communication

• Conciliation

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Peace:

Contact

When tensions run high,contact may fuel a fight.

Two laboratory gamesthat are each anexample of a socialtrap:

• The Prisoners’

Dilemma

• The Tragedy of

Commons