Chapter 12 RAD GuideApril 22, 2023

Name 2 systems & types of movement that occurs within each.•Plate tectonics—movement of plates of Earth’s crust

•Ocean circulation—movement of water

What controls the systems on the Earth?

•The sun

How are the systems of the Earth connected to the world’s ecosystems?

•Characteristics of living things in each biome are determined by movement of material through a system ▫Example: water and temp

How is the system of matter & the system of energy different? What does the energy from sun power on Earth?

•System of matter is a closed system and system of energy is open

•Sun powers the movement of ocean currents, clouds, growth of plants and animals

How has the perception of the Earth changed over time?•Changed from “Mother Earth” to something to be conquered

What is the Gaia hypothesis?•States that Earth functions like a single, living organism that regulates itself to maintain life▫Changes in one thing causes changes in others

▫1972/ J. Lovelock▫Pronounced GY-uh

What kinds of activities are humans engaging in that might have an effect on Earth?•Dumping waste•Cutting down forests•Replacing natural ecosystems with cities

Humans first evolved from what early group? When did this group roam Earth?•Cro-Magnons•~40,000 yrs ago•Cave paintings•Jewelry•Burials / ‘religion’•Like ‘us’ / high IQ

Briefly describe hunter-gatherer, agricultural, & industrial societies.1. Hunter-gatherer: society in which

people gather natural food, hunt, & are nomadic

a. Small impact on environment & can survive indefinitely if not disturbed

b. Low population densityc. Lives ‘with’ the landd. Very few remain today

1. Agricultural: society in which crops are grown & people have specialized roles

a. Can live indefinitely if within limits of environment

b. Caused people to stop roaming & divide work

c. Plow was most important toold. Started about 10,000 y.a.e. Mid-east, SE Asia, & Africaf. Domesticated plants AND animalsg. Created ‘roles’ in society

3. Industrial: society in which production of food & other products is performed by machines, demanding large amounts of energy

a. Human population grew rapidlyb. Cities were establishedc. People worked for wages

How has the impact of humans on the environment increased over time?•Increases in production of goods, energy

use, and human population all lead to negative impacts on the environment

•Pollution and technology have also had a negative impact on environment

Let’s Fill-in the Society Chart!

Hunter-Gatherer• Lifestyle

▫ Nomadic• Technology

▫ Simple tools and weapons

• Resource Use▫ Sustained by

environment• Health

▫ Healthy lives▫ Well fed▫ Low disease▫ High infant mortality

• Env. Impact▫ Use of fire causes

some env. change• Energy Use

▫ Low▫ Fuel = wood

• Example▫ African tribes▫ Aboriginal tribes▫ Native American

tribes

Agricultural• Lifestyle

▫ Permanently settled• Technology

▫ Plows▫ Agriculture▫ Cities allow advance of

simple machine• Resource Use

▫ Some overuse of soil & forest

• Health▫ Healthy lives▫ Well fed▫ Disease high in city

• Env. Impact▫ Cutting timber causes

wide-spread env. change

• Energy Use▫ Medium▫ Fuel = wood, wind,

H2O, animal, coal• Example

▫ Amish▫ Midwest/Great Plains

of U.S.

Industrial• Lifestyle

▫ Often permanently settled

• Technology▫ Mass production (high

energy use)▫ Biotechnology▫ Computers

• Resource Use▫ Overuse of resources▫ Not sustainable

• Health▫ Medical advances

increase life span▫ Pollution is a risk

• Env. Impact▫ Large cities, pollution,

& high energy use all cause major env. change

• Energy Use▫ High▫ Fuel = fossil fuels,

hydroelectricity, nuclear

• Example▫ Majority of modern

society (US, Europe)

What is an ethic?•Set of standards or rules that serves as a guideline for determining right from wrong

Describe the frontier ethic & sustainable development ethic.•Frontier Ethic: Formed on assumption that human society is separate from nature▫Resources are unlimited▫Humans are not subject to natural law

▫Success is measured in terms of control

•Sustainable Development Ethic: Meets current needs of society without limiting needs of future▫Resources limited▫Humans subject to natural law▫Success is measured by being in

harmony with nature

Why are basic concepts of the frontier ethic no longer considered valid? •As human population has grown we have realized that resources, etc. are NOT unlimited

How are the frontier ethic & sustainable development ethic different?•Frontier ethic is biased toward humans, whereas the sustainable development ethic is more holistic

What are renewable & nonrenewable resources? Provide examples.•Renewable: can regenerate

• ‘endless supply’Examples: water, wind, solar, animals,plants

•Non-renewable : one time or single use/very long time to ‘replace’

Examples: fossil fuels,nuclear fuels,minerals,ore[anything ‘mined or drilled’]

HOW ARE WE DOING???