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CardiovascularSystem Diseases &

Disorders

Chapter 12

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Functions: To transport oxygen,

nutrients, andhormones to cells

To remove carbondioxide from cells.

Cardiovascular System

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Most frequently observed symptomsof the circulatory system include:

Angina Dyspnea Tachypnea Palpitation Cyanosis Edema

Fatigue Syncope

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The Heart

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Rheumatic Fever Rheumative Heart Valve Disease

Inflammatory disease where antibodies attach to Endocardium

Mitral or aortic valves 

Caused by Group A - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus Sore throat infections

Dental procedures

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Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease

Signs and symptoms include  Polyarthritis – pain, redness & swelling of the joints

Carditis – inflammation of endocardium, myocardium

and/or pericardium Chorea – sudden, jerking, involuntary movements with

muscle weakness

Subcutaneous nodules – pea-sized swelling that form

over hands, elbows, and feet Erythema – redness over areas of the trunk and

extremities

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Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease

Diagnosis HX Rheumatic Fever, elevated WBC and ESR,

echocardiogram, positive ASO Titer (streptococcal

antibodies) Treatment

Antibiotics

Surgery to relieve stenosis or to replace the valve.

Good dental hygiene is important to prevent gingivalinfections

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Pericarditis

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Myocarditis

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Endocarditis

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Valve Disorders

Valve opening too large to

close completely blood leaks back into hear 

chamber 

Valve opening too narrow impedes the flow of blood

through the valve

allows blood to leak back whenit should be closed.

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Essential Hypertension

Description High blood pressure

that persists

Systolic pressure over 

140 mm Hg, diastolic

over 90 mm Hg

Heart must work againstincreased resistance

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Malignant Hypertension Severe form of hypertension

Severe headache, blurred vision & dyspnea

DX is B/P of >200/100

TX - immediate intervention 

Complications: CVA or irreversible kidney damage

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Narrowing of 

coronary arteries

Atheroscierosis Arteriosclerosis

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Angina Pectoris

Chest pain

TX: Nitroglycerine

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Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attack caused by

occlusion of one or more

coronary arteries Heart muscle dies from

lack of blood

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MI Diagnosis

Hx of coronary artery disease (CAD)

Electrocardiography

MRI Elevated CPK and CPK-MB over 72 hours

Elevated Troponin

Elevated Myoglobin

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Treatment

Thrombolysis

Cardiac

catheterization Angioplasty

Coronary artery

bypass graft (CABG)

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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Failure of the heart to pumpenough blood causinginadequate perfusion

Etiology: HTN Coronary Artery Disease MI

valvular disease Angina COPD

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Cardiac Arrest

Sudden unexpected interruption of heart

function

Etiology MI

Circulatory collapse due to shock or ventricular 

fibrillation

Massive hemorrhage, drug reactions/overdose,

electrocution, drowning, physical trauma

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Emboli/Thrombus Deep Vein Thrombus

Pulmonary Emboli

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Phlebitis and Thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

and/ or venous flow

stasis Symptoms

Edema

Pain

Heat Redness

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Aneurysms Local dilation of an artery

Fusiform (spindleshaped)

Dissecting (separated ) Saculated (shaped like a sac)

Location Abdominal

Thoracic

Peripheral artery

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Varicose Veins

Swollen, knottedor twisted veins

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Blood Cell Dyscrasias

Decrease in #

Increase in #

Abnormal forms

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Disorders: Red Blood Cells

Aplastic Anemia  Iron Deficiency

Anemia (microcytic

rbcs) B12 & Folic Acid

Deficiency(macrocytic rbcs)

Sickle Cell Anemia(sickle)

Polycythemia ↑ #

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White Blood Cell Dyscrasia

Leukemias

(AML,ALL, CML,

CLL) Hodgkin’s Disease

Lymphoscarcoma &

non-Hodgkin’slymphoma

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Reyes syndrome

Acute illness that affects the brain & liver 

Follows an upper respiratory infections,

esp. type B influenza & varicellas. Has been linked to the use of aspirin to

alleviate symptoms during the infection.

Predominate age group is 10 – 14 years

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Reye’s Syndrome

Signs & Symptoms Stage I

Lethargy Persistent/continuo

us vomiting

Brain dysfunction

Drowsiness

Stage II Personality changes

Disorientation withconfusion, delirium Irrational behavior  Coma, cranial nerve

reflexes lost Death within 2-3

days of onset