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Chapter 11: Congress
A More Perfect Union 1/e
Congress
• The Origins of Congress
– Finding a Balance of Power
• Congressional Elections
– Incumbency
– Reapportionment and Redistricting
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2
Congress
• The Powers of Congress
– Enumerated Powers
• Judicial
• Economic
• National Security
• Regulatory
• Administrative
– Necessary and Proper
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Congress
• The Functions of Congress
– Models of Representation
• Trustee
• Instructed Delegate
• Pork Barrel and Earmarks
• Casework
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Congress
• The Functions of Congress
– Policy Making: A Central Responsibility
– Oversight: A Check on the Executive Branch
– Agenda Setting
– Managing Societal Conflict
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6
(continued)
Congress
• The House and the Senate Compared
– The House
• Larger
• Shorter election cycle
• Narrow constituency
– The Senate
• Smaller
• Broad constituency
• More deliberative
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Congress
• The Legislative Process
– Introducing a Bill
– The Bill in Committee
• Agency Review
• Hearings
• Markup
• Report
– Debate on the House and Senate Floor
– Presidential Action
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Congress
• Congressional Leadership
– Leadership in the House of Representatives
– Leadership in the Senate
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Congress
• Decision-Making in Congress: The Legislative Context– Political Parties and Partisanship in Decision Making
– Colleagues and Staff: Trading Votes and Information
– Interest Groups: Influence Through Organization
– The President’s Effect on Decision Making
– Constituents: The Last Word
• The People and Their Representatives
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Chapter FourChapter Four
LawmakingLawmaking
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--11
LegislationLegislation
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--22
Standing Policy Committees of the Standing Policy Committees of the
California SenateCalifornia SenateHealthHuman Services JudiciaryLabor and Industrial RelationsLocal GovernmentNatural Resources and WaterPublic Employment and RetirementPublic SafetyRevenue and TaxationTransportation and HousingVeterans Affairs
AgricultureBanking, Finance, and InsuranceBudget and Fiscal ReviewBusiness, Professions, and Economic DevelopmentEducationElections, Reapportionment, and Constitutional AmendmentsEnergy, Utilities and CommunicationsEnvironmental QualityGovernmental OrganizationGovernment Modernization, Efficiency, and Accountability
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--22
Standing Policy Committees of the Standing Policy Committees of the
California AssemblyCalifornia Assembly
Jobs, Economic Development, and the EconomyJudiciaryLabor and EmploymentLocal GovernmentNatural ResourcesPublic Employees, Retirement, and Social SecurityPublic SafetyRevenue and TaxationTransportationUtilities and CommerceWater, Parks, and Wildlife
Aging and Long-Term CareAgricultureBudgetBusiness and ProfessionsEducationElections and RedistrictingEnvironmental Safety and Toxic MaterialsGovernmental OrganizationHealthHigher Education Housing and Community DevelopmentHuman Services Insurance
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--33
An Interest An Interest
Group: Group:
The The
California California
Correctional Correctional
Peace Peace
Officers Officers
AssociationAssociation
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,340,000
ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS
$1,720,000CALIFORNIA SCHOOL
BOARDS ASSOCIATION
$5,340,000CALIFORNIA TEACHERS
ASSOCIATION
$28,200,000EDUCATION
$1,320,000CALIFORNIA FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION
$6,100,000AGRICULTURE
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Total = $413,591,000Total = $413,591,000
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,050,000CALIFORNIA CREDIT UNION
LEAGUE
$1,480,000
ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA INSURANCE COMPANIES
$2,250,000CALIFORNIA BANKERS
ASSOCIATION
$2,610,000BLUE CROSS OF CALIFORNIA
$34,700,000FINANCE/INSURANCE
$522,000WALT DISNEY COMPANY
$544,000
MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC.
$7,890,000ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,080,000REGIONAL COUNCIL OF RURAL COUNTIES AND
ITS JOINT POWERS AUTHORITY (RCRC)
$1,100,000SAN DIEGO, CITY OF
$1,110,000STATE BAR OF CALIFORNIA
$1,150,000ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA WATER
AGENCIES
$1,200,000REDDING, CITY OF
$1,300,000METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
$1,400,000LOS ANGELES, CITY OF
$1,520,000SAN DIEGO, COUNTY OF
$1,680,000ORANGE, COUNTY OF
$1,680,000ALAMEDA, COUNTY OF
$1,710,000SAN BERNARDINO, COUNTY OF
$2,100,000LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA CITIES
$2,190,000LOS ANGELES, COUNTY OF
$2,560,000CALIFORNIA STATE ASSOCIATION OF
COUNTIES
$69,700,000GOVERNMENT
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,110,000CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF
HEALTH PLANS
$1,110,000BLUE SHIELD OF CALIFORNIA
$1,130,000
CALIFORNIA DENTAL ASSOCIATION AND ITS WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARIES
$1,230,000ALLIANCE OF CATHOLIC HEALTH
CARE
$1,280,000JOHNSON & JOHNSON
SERVICES, INC.
$1,550,000KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH
PLAN, INC.
$2,560,000CALIFORNIA HEALTHCARE
ASSOCIATION, ET AL
$46,400,000HEALTH
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,010,000CALIFORNIA FEDERATION OF
TEACHERS
$1,020,000CALIFORNIA PROFESSIONAL
FIREFIGHTERS
$1,970,000CALIFORNIA LABOR
FEDERATION, AFL-CIO
$2,220,000CALIFORNIA STATE COUNCIL
OF LABORERS
$3,310,000CALIFORNIA STATE COUNCIL
OF SERVICE EMPLOYEES
$17,600,000LABOR UNIONS
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,220,000CALIFORNIA RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
$2,120,000LODGING/RESTAURANTS
$1,250,000
CALIFORNIA APPLICANTS' ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION
$3,050,000CONSUMER ATTORNEYS OF
CALIFORNIA
$7,110,000LEGAL
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,070,000
PHILIP MORRIS USA, INC., BY ITS SERVICE COMPANY, ALTRIA CORPORATE SERVICES, INC.
$1,120,000CALIFORNIA FORESTRY
ASSOCIATION
$1,490,000CALPINE CORPORATION
$2,260,000
CALIFORNIA MANUFACTURERS & TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION
$3,040,000ALLIANCE OF AUTOMOBILE
MANUFACTURERS
$41,700,000MANUFACTURING/INDUSTRIAL
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,050,000CALIFORNIA TRANSIT
ASSOCIATION
$1,060,000
CALIFORNIA COUNCIL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BALANCE
$1,310,000NATIONAL FEDERATION OF
INDEPENDENT BUSINESS
$2,830,000CALIFORNIA SCHOOL
EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION
$5,280,000CALIFORNIA CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE
$51,800,000MISCELLANEOUS
$1,430,000CALIFORNIA RETAILERS
ASSOCIATION
$7,430,000MERCHANDISE/RETAIL
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$307,000
CALIFORNIA NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN
$931,000POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
$1,290,000SHELL OIL PRODUCTS U.S.
$2,240,000BP AMERICA
$2,540,000CHEVRON-TEXACO
CORPORATION
$5,400,000
WESTERN STATES PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
$14,500,000OIL AND GAS
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$1,280,000
CALIFORNIA STATE EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION (CSEA)
$5,660,000PUBLIC EMPLOYEES
$1,050,000
CALIFORNIA CABLE & TELECOMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATION
$2,430,000CALIFORNIA MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION
$2,440,000CALIFORNIA BUILDING
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
$24,900,000PROFESSIONAL/TRADE
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$567,000
CALIFORNIA ELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION COALITION
$704,000
LOS ANGELES COUNTY METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY
$8,250,000TRANSPORTATION
$1,730,000CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION
OF REALTORS
$11,500,000REAL ESTATE
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--44 California Lobbying Activity: California Lobbying Activity:
2424--month 2003month 2003--2004 Legislative Session2004 Legislative Session
$413,591,000
$1,090,000CALIFORNIA WIND ENERGY
ASSOCIATION
$1,110,000
LOS ANGELES WATER AND POWER DEPARTMENT, CITY OF
$1,560,000VERIZON COMMUNICATIONS,
INC.
$1,580,000AT&T
$3,860,000EDISON INTERNATIONAL
$5,370,000PACIFIC TELESIS GROUP
SBC
$27,100,000UTILITIES
TOTALSUBTOTALTOP LOBBYIST EMPLOYERSCATEGORY
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--55
An Iron Triangle of Interest Group RelationshipsAn Iron Triangle of Interest Group Relationships
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--66
A Partial Issue Network for SB 19 (2001), A Partial Issue Network for SB 19 (2001), EscutiaEscutia, ,
School NutritionSchool Nutrition
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--77
Lawmaking Lawmaking
by the by the
Initiative Initiative
PetitionPetition
Exhibit 4Exhibit 4--99
RulemakingRulemaking