Post on 30-Dec-2015
Chapter 10
Planning Children And Contraception
Chapter Outline
• Do You Want to Have Children?• How Many Children Do You Want?• Teenage Motherhood• Infertility• Adoption• Foster Parenting • Contraception• Abortion
True or False?
• Most men of partners who had an abortion tended to regret the abortion.
Answer: False
• Researchers conducted interviews with men 4 and 12 months after their partners had had an abortion.
• Overwhelmingly, the men were happy with the decision of their partners to have an abortion.
• About a third were not using contraception a year later.
True or False?
• Children of donor sperm want to find more about their father due to economic motives.
Answer: False
• Researchers studied individuals conceived through a sperm donor.
• 80% indicated a moderate interest in learning more about the donor.– None reported wanting money.– 7% reported wanting a father-child
relationship.
5. Government
6. Economy
7. Cultural Observances
Social Influences Motivating Individuals to Have Children
• Family• Friends• Religion• Race
Pronatalism
• Attitudes that encourage childbearing.• Family, friends, religion, and government help
develop positive attitudes toward parenthood. • Cultural observances reinforce these
attitudes.
Individual Motivations for Having Children
• Conscious motivations include:– the desire for love and companionship with
one’s own offspring.– the desire to be personally fulfilled as an
adult by having a child.
Companionship as a Motivator of Parenthood
• This father of two sons has shared experiences with his children since they were young. Here, the father and son are on a trip to New Zealand.
• Pg. 277 Bottom left
Question
• Pronatalism refers to which of the following?
A. sanctifying children to their religion
B. encouraging childbearing
C. encouraging stability regarding overpopulation
D. sexual values
Answer: B
• Pronatalism refers to encouraging childbearing.
Older Parents
• There are advantages and disadvantages of having a child as an older parent. – Primary advantage is the amount of
attention the parents can devote to their offspring.
– The primary disadvantage is that the parents are likely to die before, or early in, the child’s adult life.
Older Parents
• Aleta St. James was 57 when she had these twins.
• How old is too old to become a parent?
• Pg. 277 Upper right
Lifestyle Changes and Parenthood
• Daily living routines become focused around the children.
• Living arrangements change to provide space for another person in the household.
• Some parents change their work schedule to allow them to be home more.
• A major lifestyle change is the loss of freedom of activity and flexibility in one’s personal schedule.
Financial Costs of Parenthood
• An uncomplicated birth, with a 2-day hospital stay, may total $10,000.– A cesarean section birth may cost $14,000.
• Annual cost of a child less than 2 years old for middle income parents ($41,700 to $70,200), including housing, food, transportation, clothing, health care, and childcare, is $9,840. – For a 15- to 17-year-old the cost is $10,900.
Childfree Marriage
• Reasons for not having children include: – freedom to spend time and money as they
choose– ability to enjoy their partner without
interference– pursue their career– avoid health problems – avoid passing on genetic disorders.
Childfree Marriage
• This married couple delight in their childfree lifestyle.
• They own a nice home on a golf course, travel extensively, and have a network of close friends.
• They do have two dogs and a cat.
• Pg. 280
How Many Children?
• One in five women aged 40 to 44 has a single child.
• The most preferred family size in the United States is the two-child family.
• Couples are more likely to have a third child if they already have two girls rather than two boys.
Teenage Motherhood
• Problems:– Stigmatized and marginalized – Poverty among single teen mothers and
their children– Poor health habits– Lower academic achievement– Deficit nurturing skills– Anxious/depressed teen father
Types of Infertility
1. Primary • A woman has never conceived though she has
had regular sexual relations for 12 months.2. Secondary
• A woman has previously conceived but is currently unable to do so even though she has had regular sexual relations 12 months.
3. Pregnancy wastage.• A woman has been able to conceive but has
been unable to produce a live birth.
Infertility
• 40% of infertility problems are attributed to the woman.
• 40% of infertility problems are attributed to the man.
• 20% of infertility problems are attributed to both the man and woman.
Causes of Male Infertility
• Low sperm production• Poor semen motility• Effects of sexually transmitted diseases• Interference with passage of sperm through
the genital ducts due to an enlarged prostate
Causes of Female Infertility
• Blocked fallopian tubes• Endocrine imbalance that prevents ovulation• Dysfunctional ovaries• Chemically hostile cervical mucus that may
kill sperm• Effects of sexually transmitted diseases
Assisted Reproductive Technology
• Hormone Therapy• Artificial Insemination• Artificial Insemination of a Surrogate Mother• In Vitro Fertilization• Ovum Transfer
INSERT VIDEO
• 8. Sperm Donors: The Aftermath(Run Time: 6:01)
Adoption
• Demographic characteristics of those who typically adopt: white, educated, and high-income.
• Adoptees in the highest demand are healthy, white infants.
• Those who are older, of a racial or ethnic group different from the adoptive parents, of a sibling group, or with physical or developmental disabilities are more difficult to place.
Adoption
• Transracial Adoption– Adopting children of a race different from
that of the parents.• Open Adoptions
– In an open adoption, the biological parent can stay involved in the child’s life.
Question
• Demographic characteristics of people who typically adopt are
A. white, educated, and high-income.
B. young, flexible, and idealistic.
C. families who want a child of a different sex than their own child.
D. older, gay, and single.
Answer: A
• Demographic characteristics of people who typically adopt are white, educated, and high-income.
INSERT VIDEO
• 9. Gay Adoption (Run time: 3:32)
Foster Parenting
• A foster parent, also known as a family caregiver, is a person who takes care of and fosters a child taken into custody.
• About 600,000 children are in foster care.
Hormonal Contraceptives
• Oral Contraceptive Agents– Birth control pill
• Jadelle® – Silicone implants inserted under the skin in
the upper inner arm provide time-release progestin into a woman’s system.
• Implanon®– A system that provides pregnancy
protection for 3 years after insertion.
Hormonal Contraceptives
• Depo-Provera®– A compound similar to progesterone injected into
a woman’s arm or buttock that protects a woman against pregnancy for three months.
• Vaginal Ring– A soft, flexible, and transparent ring that is worn
inside the vagina and provides month long pregnancy protection.
Hormonal Contraceptives
• Transdermal Applications– Ortho Evra® is a transdermal patch that delivers
hormones to a woman’s body through skin absorption.
• Male Hormonal Methods– Numerous studies have found that administration
of testosterone to men reduces sperm count and is a very efficient method of contraception.
Condoms
• Male Condom– The condom is a thin sheath made of latex,
polyurethane, or natural membranes.• Female Condom
– The female condom resembles the male condom except that it fits in the woman’s vagina to protect her from pregnancy, HIV infection, and other STDs.
Female Condom
• Pg. 296
Contraception
• Spermicides– A chemical that kills sperm.
• Intrauterine Device (IUD)– Inserted into the uterus by a physician to
prevent the fertilized egg from implanting on the uterine wall or to dislodge the fertilized egg if it has already implanted.
Contraception
• Diaphragm– A shallow rubber dome attached to a
flexible, circular steel spring.• Cervical Cap
– A thimble-shaped contraceptive device made of rubber or polyethylene that fits tightly over the cervix and is held in place by suction.
Contraception
• Natural Family Planning– Refraining from sexual intercourse during
the seven to ten days each month when the woman is thought to be fertile.
Nonmethods of Contraception
• Withdrawal is the practice whereby the man withdraws his penis from the vagina before he ejaculates.
• Douching refers to rinsing or cleansing the vaginal canal.
Emergency Contraception
• Combined Estrogen-Progesterone– The most common morning-after pills are
combined estrogen-progesterone oral contraceptives taken to prevent pregnancy.
• Postcoital IUD– Insertion of a copper IUD 5 to 7 days after
ovulation in a cycle when unprotected intercourse has occurred.
Mifepristone (RU-486)
• A synthetic steroid that inhibits implantation of a fertilized egg.
• The so-called abortion pill, approved by the FDA in the United States in 2000 can be given to induce abortion within seven weeks of pregnancy.
• Side effects may include cramping, nausea, vomiting, and breast tenderness.
• More than 90% of U.S. women who tried RU-486 would recommend and choose it over surgery again.
Question
• Which of the following is not a form of birth control?
A. vasectomy
B. salpingectomy
C. douching
D. laparoscopy
Answer: C
• Douching is not a form of birth control.
Methods of Contraception
MethodEffectiveness
RatesSTI
ProtectionCosts
The Pill 92% No $10–42/month
Jadelle® 99.95% No $300–600
Depo-Provera ®
97% No $45–75/injection
Transdermal patch
92% No $15–32/month
Methods of Contraception
MethodEffectiveness
RatesSTI
ProtectionCosts
Vaginal Ring
92%No
$15–48/month
Male condom
85% Yes $2-10/box
Female condom
79% Yes $4-10/box
Methods of Contraception
MethodEffectiveness
RatesSTI
ProtectionCosts
Spermicide 71% No $8–18
Today®
Sponge68-84% No
$3-5/sponge
Diaphragm/Cervical cap
68-84% No$50 to $200 +spermicide
Methods of Contraception
MethodEffectiveness
RatesSTI
ProtectionCosts
IUD 98.2%-99% No $150–300
Withdrawal 73% No $0
Periodic abstinence
75% No $0
Emergency contraception
75% No $10–32
Abstinence 100% No $0
Methods of Contraception
Method Benefits Disadvantages
The Pill Highly effective.24-hour protection.Menstrual regulation.
Daily administration.Side effects.
Jadelle® Highly effective. Long-term protection.
Side effects.Menstrual changes.
Methods of Contraception
Method Benefits Disadvantages
Depo-Provera ®
Highly effective. Long-term protection.
Can impact bone density. Not recommended for use longer than 2 years.Side effects.
Transdermal patch
Same as oral contraceptives.
Patch changed weekly.Side effects possible.60% more hormone exposure than pills.
Methods of Contraception
Method Benefits Disadvantages
Vaginal Ring
Lower hormone levels may mean fewer side effects than pills.
Must be comfortable with
body for insertion.
Male condom
Few or no side effects. Easy to purchase and use.
Can interrupt spontaneity.
Methods of Contraception
Method Benefits Disadvantages
Female condom
Few or no side effects. Easy to purchase and use.
Decreased sensation. Insertion takes practice.
SpermicideMany forms to choose. Easy to purchase and use.
Can cause irritation.Can be messy.
Methods of Contraception
Method Benefits Disadvantages
Today®
Sponge
Few side effects. Effective for 24
hours after insertion.
Spermicide irritation possible.
Diaphragm/Cervical cap
Few side effects.Can be inserted within 2 hours
Can be messy. Risk of vaginal/UTI
infections.
Methods of Contraception
Method Benefits Disadvantages
IUDLittle maintenance.
Longer term protection.
Risk of PID increased. Chance
of expulsion.
WithdrawalRequires little
planning. Always available.
Pre-ejaculatory fluid can contain sperm.
Methods of Contraception
Method Benefits Disadvantages
Periodic abstinence
No side effects. Widely accepted.
Requires a lot of planning.
Emergency contraception
Provides option after intercourse has occurred.
Must be taken within 72 hours. Side effects likely.
Abstinence No risk of pregnancy or
STDs.
Partners both have to agree to abstain.
Question
• Of the following, the most effective form of contraception is
A. the pill
B. an IUD
C. abstinence
D. a diaphragm and cervical cap
Answer: C
• Abstinence is the most effective form of contraception.
Female Sterilization
• Salpingectomy (tubal ligation), is often performed just after a woman has delivered a baby.– The operation takes about thirty minutes. – About 700,000 are performed annually.– Cost is around $2500.– A less expensive and quicker (15 minutes)
form of salpingectomy, performed is the laparoscopy.
Female Sterilization: Tubal Sterilization
Male Sterilization
• Vasectomies are the most frequent form of male sterilization.
• The physician makes two small incisions, one on either side of the scrotum, so a small portion of the sperm-carrying ducts can be cut out and tied closed.
• Sperm are still produced but since there is no tube to the penis, they remain in the epididymis and eventually dissolve.
Abortion
• An induced abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy through chemical or surgical means.
• A spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) is the unintended termination of a pregnancy.
Abortion Rates and Ratios for Selected Years
Year Rate Ratio
Number of abortions per 1,000 women 15-
44)
Number of abortions per 1,000 live births
1980 25 359
1990 24 344
2002 16 246
Who Gets Abortions and Why
• 1209 pregnant women who reported having an reported the following reasons:– 74% - The child would interfere with
education, work, or ability to care for dependents.
– 73% - She could not afford a baby now. – 48% - She did not want to be a mother or
was having relationship problems.
The Abortion Issue
Abortion remains a controversial issue.
• Pg. 304
Pro-Life Advocates
• Advocate restrictive abortion or a ban on abortion.• They essentially believe the following:
– The unborn fetus has a right to live.– Abortion is an immoral solution to unintended
pregnancy.– The life of an unborn fetus is sacred and should be
protected, even at the cost of individual difficulties for the pregnant woman.
Pro-Choice Advocates
• Support the legal availability of abortion for all women.
• They essentially believe the following:– Freedom of choice is a central value.– Those who must bear the burden of their
choices ought to have the right to make these choices.
– Procreation choices must be free of governmental control.
Physical Effects of Abortion
• Postabortion complications include:– possibility of incomplete abortion– uterine infection– excessive bleeding– perforation or laceration of the uterus,
bowel, or adjacent organs– adverse reaction to a medication or
anesthetic
Psychological Effects of Abortion
• For most women, a legal first-trimester abortion does not create psychological hazards, and symptoms of distress are within normal bounds.
Should You Have an Abortion?
1. Consider the alternatives available, realizing that no alternative may be all good or all bad.
2. Obtain information about each course of action.
3. Talk with trusted family members, friends, or unbiased counselors.
4. Consider your own personal and moral commitments in life.