Post on 26-Dec-2015
Chapter 1 Notes
The Human Organism
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy– the scientific discipline that investigates
the body’s structure. Ex. Anatomy describes the shape and size of bones.
• Physiology– the scientific investigation of the
processes or functions of living things.
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Types of Anatomy• Gross Anatomy- structures examined
without a microscope.– Systemic- studied system by system.– Regional- studied area by area.– Surface- external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.
• Microscopic Anatomy- structures seen with a microscope.– Cytology: cellular anatomy.– Histology: study of tissues.
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Topics of Physiology
• Reveals dynamic nature of living things.• Considers operations of specific organ
systems.– Cell physiology- examines processes in cells– Neurophysiology- focuses on the nervous
system– Pathology– Exercise Physiology
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Structural & Functional Organizations
• Chemical level– Atoms– Molecules
• Cell level• Tissue level• Organ level• Organ system level• Organism level
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Terminology and the Body Plan
• Anatomical Position- body erect, face forward, feet together and palms face forward
• Other Body Positions– Supine: lying face
upward.– Prone: lying face
downward.
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Directional TermsSuperior- A structure above another.Inferior- A structure below another.Anterior- The front of the body. Posterior- The back of the body.Dorsal-Back area. Ventral-Stomach area.Proximal- Closer to the point of attachment to the
body than another structure.Distal- Farther from the point of attachment to the
body than another structure.Medial- Toward the midline of the body.Lateral- Away from the midline of the body.Superficial- Toward or on the surface. Deep- Away from the surface, internal.
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Body Terms
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Characteristics of life• Organization- condition in which there are
specific relationships and functions.• Metabolism- all chemical reactions of the
body.• Responsiveness- ability to sense changes and
adjust.• Growth• Development- changes over time.
– Differentiation- change from general to specific.
– Morphogenesis- change in shape of tissues, organs.
• Reproduction- new cells or organisms.
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CONCEPT CHECK!1. What is the difference between anatomy and
physiology?-A: study of the structures & parts of an organism-P: study of the processes & functions
2. What are the levels of organization of living things? Describe them.
-cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
3. What is metabolism?-all the chemical reactions in the body
4. What is the difference between growth and development?
-growth: increase in height or mass-development: changes over time (differentiation &
morphogenesis)
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Body Parts and Regions• Upper limb- consists of the arm, forearm,
wrist, & hand.
• Lower limb- consists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
• Central region of body- consists of the head, neck and trunk.– Trunk: divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen,
and pelvis.
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Body Planes• Sagittal plane- divides the body vertically into
right & left portions– Midsagittal/Median- divides the body into equal
right and left halves.– Parasagittal- runs vertically through the body to one
side of the midline
• Transverse (Horizontal)- divides the body into superior & inferior portions.
• Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
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Body Cavities• Thoracic Cavity- surrounded by the rib cage
– Mediastinum- contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, blood, & vessels.
– Diaphragm- large muscle that separates upper & lower cavities
• Abdominal Cavity– Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and
kidneys.
• Pelvic Cavity– Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestines, and
the internal reproductive organs.
• Ambdominopelvic- large double cavity below breathing muscle
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Serous Membranes
• Serous membranes- covers the organs & lining of the trunk cavities.– Visceral-thin membrane that covers the organs
within the cavity.– Parietal- wall of body cavity that covers its surface.
• Pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart
• Pleural cavity- surrounds each lung.
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Systems of the BodySystems Studied • Integumentary-consists of skin, hair, nails & sweat glands• Skeletal-protects/supports body, produces blood cells, & stores
minerals (bones)• Muscular-consists of muscles (movement)• Nervous-consists of brain & spinal cord, nerves & receptors• Vascular-blood• Circulatory-consists of the heart and blood vessels• Respiratory-exchanges gases btn the blood & air & regulates
blood pH• Digestive-breaks down food & absorbs nutrients• Reproductive-ability to reproduce new offspring
Not Studied…But still important to the body • Endocrine-consists of glands that secrete hormones• Lymphatic-maintains tissue fluid balance & absorbs fat• Urinary-removes waste products from the circulatory system &
regulates blood pH
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Homeostasis• Values of variables
fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
• Set point- the ideal normal value of a variable.– What is the set point
for body temperature?
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Negative Feedback
• Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis.
• 3 Components– Receptor: monitors the value of some
variable (Ex. Blood Pressure)– Control Center: establishes the set point
around which the variable is maintained– Effector: can change the value of the
variable.
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Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback• When a deviation occurs, response is
to make deviation greater.– Leads away from homeostasis.– Can result in death.