Chapter 1

Lecture

2

Human Anatomy & Physiology

Unit 1 / Ch. 1 Day 1

Carmel High School

Mr. Young

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Opening Day…

• Welcome!

• Attendance / Seating Chart

• Syllabus

• Class Policies

• Handouts / Books

• “Weekends!”

• Get Acquainted Game

4

Success Tips…

• Hole‟s 12th Edition Text has available:

– Student Study Guide

– MediaPhys CD

– Anatomy & Physiology Revealed CD

– Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier12

• Know how to use the text… xxi to xxvii.

• Read the text BEFORE class!!

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1.1: Introduction

• Questions and observations that have led to knowledge.

• Knowledge about structure and function of the human

body.

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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body

(“Gross”= large structures , opp. of “microscopic”)

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

• Histology – the study of the tissues of the human body

• Cytology – the study of the cells of the human body

“The complementarity of structure and function.”

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Dissection | Prosection

In a dissection, students learn by doing; in a prosection,

students learn by either observing a dissection being

performed by an experienced anatomist or examining a

specimen that has already been dissected by an experienced

anatomist .

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History: India

Charaka is referred to as the Father of Anatomy.

“A physician who fails to enter the body of a patient with the

lamp of knowledge and understanding can never treat

diseases. He should first study all the factors, including

environment, which influence a patient's disease, and then

prescribe treatment. It is more important to prevent the

occurrence of disease than to seek a cure.”

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History:Egypt

The study of anatomy begins at least as early as 1600 BCE,

the date of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. an Ancient

Egyptian medical text on surgical trauma. It is unique among

the medical papyri that survive today. While other papyri are

medical texts based in magic, this one presents a rational and

scientific approach to medicine in Ancient Egypt.

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History: Greece

Hippocrates, a Greek physician active in the late 5th and

early 4th centuries BCE (460 - 377 BCE). His work

demonstrates a basic understanding of musculoskeletal

structure, and the beginnings of understanding of the

function of certain organs, such as the kidneys. Much of his

work, however, and much of that of his students and

followers later, relies on speculation rather than empirical

observation of the body. One of the greatest achievements of

Hippocrates was that he was the first to discover the

tricuspid valve of the heart and its function.

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History: Greece (cont.)

In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle and several contemporaries

produced a more empirically founded system, based animal

dissection.

The first use of human cadavers for anatomical research

occurred later in the 4th century BCE when Herophilos and

Erasistratus gained permission to perform live dissections,

or vivisection, on criminals in Alexandria.

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History: Greece (cont.)

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, by Rembrandt,

depicts an autopsy.

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History: Galen

The final major anatomist of ancient times was Galen, active

in the 2nd century. He compiled much of the knowledge

obtained by previous writers, and furthered the inquiry into

the function of organs by performing vivisection on animals.

Due to a lack of readily available human specimens,

discoveries through animal dissection were broadly applied

to human anatomy as well. His collection of drawings, based

mostly on dog anatomy, became the anatomy textbook for

1500 years. The original text is long gone.

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History: Galen (cont.)

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History: Modern

Gunther von Hagens (born 1945) is a controversial

German anatomist who invented the technique for

preserving biological tissue specimens called plastination.

Each specimen takes up to 1,500 man hours to prepare. The

first exhibition of whole bodies was displayed in Japan in

1995. Over the next two years, Von Hagens developed the

Body Worlds exhibition, showing whole bodies plastinated

in life-like poses and dissected to show various structures

and systems of human anatomy, which has since met with

public interest and controversy in more than 50 cities around

the world.

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History: Modern (cont.)

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy – study of structure

(Greek – “a cutting up”)

• Physiology – study of function

(Greek – “relationship to nature”)

“Structure dictates function.”

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1.3: Levels of Organization

• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons

• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve

• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.

• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.

• Organism – the human

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

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Can you name the organ systems?

There are eleven (11).

Levels of Organization

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Organ Systems

Integumentary system

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Organ Systems

Skeletal system Muscular system

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Organ Systems

Nervous system Endocrine system

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Organ Systems

Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

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Organ Systems

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

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Organ Systems

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

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1.1 Clinical Application

• Ultrasound (US)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;

releasing energy from foods

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

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Characteristics of Life Continued

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and

into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into

chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic

reactions

• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler

forms

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1.5: Maintenance of Life

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

• Water

• Food

• Oxygen

• Heat

• Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms

• Water

- most abundant substance in body

- required for metabolic processes

- required for transport of substances

- regulates body temperature

• Food

- provides necessary nutrients

- supplies energy

- supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

• Oxygen (gas)

- one-fifth of air

- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat

- form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure

- application of force on an object

- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing

- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the

internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within

limits. There are three (3) parts:

• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be

(called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the

internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Stimulus

(Change occurs

in internal

environment.) Response

(Change is corrected.)

Receptors Effectors

(muscles or glands)

Control center

(set point)

(Change is compared

to the set point.)

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.

too high

too low

Normal body

temperature

37°C (98.6°F)

Control center

The hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point and

signals effector organs.

Control center

The hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point and

signals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,

control center signals

muscles to contract

Involuntarily.

Stimulus

Body temperature

rises above normal.

Effectors

Skin blood vessels

dilate and sweat glands

secrete.

Response

Body heat is lost to

surroundings, temperature

drops toward normal.

Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.

Effectors

Skin blood

vessels constrict

and sweat glands

remain inactive.

Stimulus

Body temperature

drops below normal.

Effectors

Muscle

activity

generates

body heat.

Response

Body heat is conserved,

temperature rises toward normal.

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• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Reduces the actions of the effectors

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the „negative‟

• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

• Produces more instability in the body

• Produces more chaos in the body

• There are only a few types necessary for our survival

• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived

• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous

adjustments

• Considered to be the uncommon loop

• Examples: blood clotting and child birth

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Human Anatomy & Physiology

Unit 1/ Ch. 1 – Day 2

Carmel High School

Mr. Young

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1.6: Organization

of the Human Body

• Body cavities

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleural

cavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardial

cavity

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoracic

cavity

(b)

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Thoracic & Abdominal

Serous Membranes

Thoracic Membranes

• Visceral pleura

• Parietal pleura

• Visceral pericardium

• Parietal pericardium

• Visceral layer – covers an organ

• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes

• Parietal peritoneum

• Visceral peritoneum

• Parietal perineum

• Visceral perineum

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Thoracic Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Plane of

sectionSpinal cord

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Left ventricle

of heart

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardium

Anterior

Azygos v.

Right atrium

of heart

Right ventricle

of heart

Fibrous pericardium

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Abdominal Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Right kidney

Pancreas

Large

intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Peritoneal cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Plane of

section

Left

kidney

Spinal cord

Spleen

Rib

Small intestine

Large intestine

Stomach

Anterior

Visceral peritoneum

Costal cartilage

Aorta

Inferior

vena cava

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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the

whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing

erect, facing forward, upper limbs

at the sides, palms facing forward

and thumbs out

Integumentary system

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Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

• Superior versus Inferior

• Anterior versus Posterior

• Medial versus Lateral

• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral

• Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)

• Superficial versus Deep

• Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes (3)

• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions

• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right

portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and

inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior

portions

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Body Sections

A section along a frontal

plane

A section along a transverse

plane

A section along the

median plane

Transverse

(horizontal)

plane

Frontal

(coronal)

plane

Parasagittal

plane

Median

(midsagittal)

plane

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© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

Body Sections

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(a) (b) (c)

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a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Other Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)

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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

• Regions (9)

• Quadrants (4)

Right

hypochondriac

region

Right

lumbar

region

Right

iliac

region

Epigastric

region

Umbilical

region

Hypogastric

region

Left

hypochondriac

region

Left

lumbar

region

Left

iliac

region

(a)

Right upper

quadrant (RUQ)Left upper

quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower

quadrant (RLQ)Left lower

quadrant (LLQ)

(b)

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Body Regions

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial

(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial

(arm)

Antecubital

(front of elbow)

Antebrachial

(forearm)

Genital

(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral

(chest)

Inguinal

(groin)

Coxal

(hip)

Umbilical

(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital

(back of head)

Acromial

(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)(a) (b)

Patellar

(front of knee)

Vertebral

(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar

(lower back)Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed

1.1: Introduction

Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding

of the human body.

1.2: Anatomy and Physiology

Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.

1.3: Levels of Organization

List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of

each.

1.4: Characteristics of Life

List and describe the major characteristics of life.

Define and give examples of metabolism.

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

1.5: Maintenance of Life

List and describe the major requirements of organisms.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.

Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.

Describe the general function of each organ system.

1.7: Lifespan Changes

Define aging.

Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and

body regions.

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Quiz 1

Complete Quiz 1 now!

Read Chapter 2.