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Chapter 1-Battle of Plassey
Causes And Consequences Siraj Ud Daula CAUSES Disputed succession
of Siraj ud Daula
British help to Siraj ud Daulas rivals Fortification by the British
Misuse of thetrade privileges Affair of Krishana Ballabh Occupation
of Calcutta and black hole tragedy Reoccupation of Calcutta by the
English in 1757 Treaty of Ali Nagar in 1757 Capture of Chander
Nagar Immediate cause Siraj Ud Daula Siraj Ud Daula 1757 June 23
-Battle Significance Political significance British became rulers
from traders British became masters of Bengal It opened doors to
conquer India End of the rule of Siraj ud Daula British came to
knowabout the negative side of the character of the Indians It
helped them to win in the battle of Buxar Grieved and
unsatisfiedHindus under Muslim rule joined the British Muslim rule
came to an end Military significance
Mughals lost Bengal forever Cowardice of the Mughals was exposed
British could bring their troops easily in Bengalthrough sea route
and also could use their navalpower as Bengal was situated on the
sea coast In the Nawabs army 500 soldiers were killed andabout 500
were wounded whereas only 23 Britishsoldiers were killed and 49
were wounded. Economic significance
Fertile and prosperous province like Bengal came underBritish
control. With the wealth of Bengal it became easy for the British
toconquer other regions of India The British soldiers got much
booty or plunder After the battle Mir Jafar who became the Nawab of
Bengalgave a lot of wealth to the British Company. He was askedto
pay a huge amount to company British company established its own
mint in Calcutta It got an estate of 24 districts It got the
privilege of rightto trade without paying any tax Moral
significance They became more greedy and theybegan to use moral and
immoral means toattain wealth They started to tyrannize the
commonpeople People came to know the moraldegradation of the
British Chapter-1-Battle Buxar
Causes and consequences Causes Battle of Plassey led to the battle
of Buxar Misuse of the trade privileges by the British Mir Kasims
desire to be free from Britishinfluences Improper trade was stopped
by Mir Kasim Major Ellis attack on Patna Skirmish between Mir Kasim
and Major Adam Appointment of Mir Jafar as the Nawab ofBengal On 22
October 1764 Significances Treaty of Allahabad Mir Jafar became a
puppet into the hands of British Company Powers of the Nawab
snatched away Mir Jafar who was made as the Nawab of Bengal
promised to givecompensation of the battle He also promised to
re-impose the toll tax on the Indians The troops of Nawab were
reduced and in his courtthe British residentremained permanently
The power of Nawab of Audh was dispersed Mir Kasim fled away Mughal
emperor Sha Alam was given the right to collect revenue from
thestates of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. He was given 26 lacs
annuallyand alsogiven the districtsofAllahabad and Kara. Thus
Mughal emperor becamefully under the control of British. Chpater-2
Robert Clive Dual system Born in England in 1725 and in 1744became
a clerk in the British East IndiaCompany.
Life andcarrier Agreement between Clive and East India Company in
1755 In 1757 in the battle of Plassey he defeated Siraj ud Daula
and Mir Jafar was made as the new Nawab of Bengal. He got a lot of
wealth in the shape of gifts. The credit of the victory of the
battle of Plassey goes to Clive. British were firmly established in
Bengal with the victory in the battle of Plassey. Clive, marriage
photo family and then with family Clive, Real founder of British
rule in India Governorship in Bengal
First-from Second Dual system- two powers took part in
theadministrationof Bengal i.e. Nawab andcompany Governorship in
Bengal This is dual system End of struggle for supremacy between
Nawaband British Company
Trick on European powers like French andDutch Protection from
rebellions by the Indians Clive could satisfy the directors of the
Britishcompany Protection from the opposition by the Marathas
Economic benefits Unstable system Managed able and experienced
employees Merits of dual system Demerits of dual system
Separated power and responsibility Evil of individual trade Harm to
lndian trade and Indian traders Spoilt administration Anarchy and
chaos Bad effect on judicial system Huge income to the company with
noresponsibilities Demerits of dual system Statues of Clive
established in England SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR
Thankyou SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY POST GRADUATE GOVT.COLLEGE
SECTOR11,CHANDIGARH. chapter- 2Warren -Hastings
Administrative reforms Warren Hastings in Different poses Second
wife of Hastings, oil canvas A cartoon of Warren Hastings Letter
from Warren Hastings to GeorgeBogle, an employ of EAST
INDIACOMPANY, who laterbecame P.A.ofhim. Letter Difficulties of
Warren Hastings
Dual government Defective revenue system Terrible famine in Bengal(
) Ruined trade Defective judicial system Financial Bankruptcy
Hostile council Regulating Act of 1773 Marathas Hostility of Haidar
Ali of Mysore American war of Independence Difficulties of Warren
Hastings Administrative reforms
End of dual or double government Appointment of British Collectors
The treasure was brought to Calcuttafrom Murshidabad Suppression
ofDacoits and Ascetics Revenue reforms Establishment of Board of
revenue and Board Trade
Appointment of Rai Rayan The system of lease for one year insteadof
five years End of free pass system Removal of illegal Octroi posts
Reduction of toll tax Trade mission in foreign countries Revenue
reforms Judicial reforms Abolition of the judicial rights of
landlords
Establishment ofcivil and criminal courts Establishment ofSardar
Diwani court andSardar Nizamat court Judicial process was written
in the writtenform Fixed salaries to the judges, who werebanned in
accepting gifts or presents orfees Establishment of peace and
security Judicial reforms In 1781a college was established
inCalcutta in which Indians were educated
With the help of Sir William JonesheestablishedBengal Native
AsiaticSocietyfor making researches in history Changes in military
system Police reforms in Calcutta Victory over hostile councils
Other reforms Steps to improve financial crises
Strippedthe administrative powers of theNawab of Bengal His pension
was reduced Pension to the mughal emperor Sha Alamwas stopped. He
received 90 lakh rupees from theNawabof Oudh He extracted money
from the Beums ofOudh and Raja Chet Singh of Benaras Steps to
improve financial crises Sha Alam, his eldest son Chapter- 3REFORMS
OF Cornwallis(1786-1793)
CARRIER AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS the judicial system set up by
Cornwallis was based on the principal ofequality and western
conception of justice. Religious law or personal law ofthe ruler or
local agentwas replaced by codifiedsecular law. Thesovereignty of
law was proclaimed in unmistakable terms. Even governmentofficials
could be tried in the courts. In 1787 the collectors in charge of
districtswere made judges of DiwaniAdalats, were given more
magisterial powers and empowered to try criminalcases with limits.
Changes were made in the field of criminal administration during
The District Faujadari Adalatspresided over by the Indian judges
wereabolishedcand in their place four circuit courts were set up.
These courts werepresided by Europeans. These courts toured the
districts twice a year andtried the person committed by city
magistrates. Sadar Nizamat Adalat was replaced by a similar court
set upat Calcutta. There were some undesirable effects in his
code.The elaborate code was socomplicated that common man could not
follow it justice proved veryexpensive false hood, chicanery and
deceit began to yield dividends.Litigation increased greatly.
Therewas great delay in the disposal of justice. European judges
wereignorant of the customs and habits of Indians. JUDICIAL REFORMS
Cornwallis Code Cornwallis judicial reforms took final shape by The
newreforms were based on the principle of separation of powers.
Cornwallis code divested the collector of all judicial
andmagisterial powers and left him with the duty of
administrationof revenue. Thus he tried to separate the revenue
administrationfrom the administration of justice. A new class of
officer called the district judge was created topreside over the
district civil court.He was given magisterialand police functions.
A gradation of civil courts was set up. The distinction between
revenue and civil cases was abolishedand the new Diwani courts
competent to try all civil cases. Cornwallis proclaimed the
principal of sovereigntyoflaw inIndia. Important changes were
introduced in the field of criminaladministration. TheDistrict
Faujadari Adalat presided over byIndian officers were abolished.
Reform of criminal laws
During Cornwallis introducedcertain changes in the criminal law
whichwere regularized by a parliamentary act of In December 1790 a
rule framed for theguidance of Muhammedan law officers. The usual
punishment of amputation oflimbs of body was replaced by
temporaryhard labour or fine and imprisonmentaccording to the
circumstances of the case. Regulation IX 1793 amended the law
ofevidence. Reform of criminal laws When the police superintendents
were found corrupt a regulation was passed in 1791 defining the
powersof the police superintendents. To induce the police officials
to act honestlyandwith promptitude Cornwallis raised the salaries
of allpolice officers offered good rewards for the discoveryand
arrests of burglars and murderers. In districts the zamindars were
deprived of all policepowersand English magistrates were given
controlof the district police. police superintendents assisted by
policeconstableswere placed in each area of each district. Police
reforms Revenue reforms Reorganized revenue department.
In 1787 the province of Bengal was divided intofiscal areas and
each was placed under a collector. The number of collectorships was
reduced from 36to 23. The old committee of revenue was as the as
theboard of revenue and charged with the duty ofsuperintending the
work of collectors. His great reform was permanent settlement
andaccording to this the zamindars were recognized asthe owners of
land anda ten years settlement wasmade with them in The state
demand wasfixed at 89% of the rental , leaving 11% with
thezamindars as their share for their trouble andresponsibility.
Revenue reforms Permanent settlement in Orissa Permanent settlement
in Bengal Permanent settlement in Bihar He tried to put an end to
the corruptionrampant in the commercial department.Hefound that the
companys servants weremaking huge profits while sending goods
toEngland. The members of board were alsofound accepting bribes and
gifts. He tookmeasures to put an end to all thesepractices. He
forbade the companys officials andemployees the acceptance of
bribes andgifts or indulgence in private trade by raisingtheir
salaries. Commercial reforms Europeanization of administrative
machinery
He reserved all higher services for theEuropeans and reduced the
Indians tothe position of hewers of wood drawersof water. The doors
of covenantedservices were closed to Indians. In the army the
Indians could not riseabove the position of Jemadars andSubedars
and in civil services not abovethe status of Munsiffs or Sadar
Amins orDeputy Collectors. Europeanizationof administrative
machinery Thank you Presented By: Sheena Krishnan
Ulamparambath
G.C.G. Sector 11, Chandigarh REFORMS OF WILLIAM
BENTICK(1828-35)
Carrier and Achievements As governor general of India
William Cavendish Bentick succeeded LordAmherst as governor general
of India. Hetook the charge of Indian administrationin July 1828.
Began his carrier in army. Soon became Lieutenant Colonel. Member
of Parliament in 1796. Governor of Madras in 1803. Governor general
of India in 1828. As governor general of India Social reforms
Abolition of sati and other cruel rites
In India women were forced to burn themselveswith the dead body of
their husbands. This wasknown as sati. The widows below 16 and
evenpregnant women were cruelly burnt. Raja Rammohan Roy urged
William Bentick to takenecessary steps to declare the practice of
satiillegal. Bentick collected relevant facts regarding sati
cases,enquired the views of army officers, judgesof Nizamat Adalat,
Superintendents of Police of theLower and UpperProvinces etc.
Regulation No. XVII of December 1829 declared thepractice of sati
illegal and punishable by the criminalcourts. Suppression of
infanticide and child sacrifices
a.Though Bengal RegulationXXI of andRegulation III of declared this
practiceillegal it was stillcontinued. b.Hence William Benticktook
vigorous steps tosuppress this inhumancrime and even he
issuedprompt ordersto stopthe ritual of offering childsacrifices at
specialoccasions in Saugar islandin Bengal. Suppression of
infanticide and child sacrifices The thugs who belonged to both
Hindu and Muslimreligions were a sect of hereditary assassins and
robberswho lived by preying upon innocent defenselesstravellers.
They offered the heads of their victims assacrifices to their
goddesses. They were active in theentire area from Oudh to
Hyderabad and in Rajputanaand Budelkhand. Sometimes a dozen men
weremurderedat the same time. Colonel William Sleeman was given the
charge of thesuppression of the thugs with the co-operation of
therulers of Indian states. About thugs were arrestedand were
either sentenced to death or put inimprisonment for life. Thus
William Bentick succeeded inthis mission. Suppression of Thugi
Section 87 of the charter Act of provided that no Indian subject of
thecompany of India was to be debarredfrom holding any office under
thecompany by reason of his religion, placeof birth, descent and
colour. This charterclause was inserted at the instance ofWilliam
Bentick. Removal of humiliating distinctions in the recruitment to
public service William Benticks government defined the aim of
education in India
William Benticks government defined the aim ofeducation in India.
He appointed Macaulay as thepresident of the committee of Public
Instruction.Macaulay had planned to produce a class of personswho
would be Indians in blood and colour, but Englishin taste, in
opinions, in morals and intellect. Heexpressed thehope in one of
the letters to his fatherthat if our plans of our education are
followed up,there will not be a single idolater among
therespectable classes in Bengal 30 years hence. He setforth his
views in his famous minute dated 2 February in which he ridiculed
Indian literature and thevernacular languages. Educational Reforms
Other Reforms 1. Financial reforms
Appointment of two committees i.e. military and civil to reducethe
expenditure. Reducedbhatta, i.e. extra or additional allowance paid
tomilitary officers. Reduced the allowance of civil servants.
Better measures for the collection of land revenue in Bengal
andnorth western provinces. Appointment of maximum Indians in place
of high paidEuropeans. Opium trade was regularized and licensed
which gavecompanya share in the profits in the shape of duties.
Encouraged iron and coal production and also tea and
coffeeplantations. Other Reforms Other Reforms Liberal policy
towards press. Judicial reforms
Abolition of Provincial Courts of Appeal andCircuitsetup by
Cornwallis and transferred their duties tomagistrates and
collectors. SeparateSadar Nizamat Adalat and Sadar Diwani Adalatat
Allahabad for the convenience of the public of upper provinces.
Qualified Indianswere appointed in junior judicialcapacities
ofMunsiffs and could rise to the position ofsadar Amins. Option
ofusing Persian or vernacular languages in fillingthe suits. Other
Reforms Thank you Presented By: Sheena Krishnan Ulamparambath
G.C.G. Sector 11, Chandigarh Reforms of Lord
Dalhousie(1848-56)
Life and carrier Early life Born in 1812 atScotland Castle in
anoble family. Original name James AndrewBrownRamsay. Came to in
India in as a governor general. He was only 36years when he was
appointed as governorgeneral of India. He is regarded as one of the
greatestgovernor generals of India. Administrative reforms
Bengal was placed under the charge of lieutenant governor. Set up
Non regulation system. Under this system he appointed a
commissioner over a newly acquired territory, who was made directly
responsible to thegovernor general. Thus introduced the system of
centralized control. Military reforms Dalhousies annexation policy
had extended British India from Bengal in the east and Punjab and
Sind in the west. The head quarters the Bengal artillery were
shifted from Calcutta to Meerut. Permanent headquarters of the army
were shifted to Shimla. Shimlabecame the seat of the government of
India. He proposed to reduce the strength of the Indian element in
the army. Three regiments were added to the army. A new irregular
force was created in the Panjab under the direct control Panjab
administration. Gorkha regiments were raised. Educational reforms
The famous educational despatch known Woods Despatchwas introduced
in 1854 by Charles Wood, the president of the board of control. It
introduced a properly articulated scheme of education from the
primary school to the university. It laid the foundation on which
the modern education system has been built. It recommended
Anglo-Vernacular schools throughout the districts, government
colleges of higher grade in important townsand a university in each
of the three presidencies in India. It decided to appoint a
director of public instruction in each province. On the model of
London University three universities were set up at Calcutta,
Bombay and Madras. Thus first three universities of India were
established in 1857. teaching both in vernacular and in English was
encouraged. An Engineering college was established at Roorkee.
Development of Railways
The broad outlines of the scheme were laid down by Dalhousie in his
famous Railway Minute of 1853 which formed the basis for the future
railway extension in India. The first railway line connecting
Bombay with Thane was laid down in The following year a railway
line was built from Calcuttato the Raniganj coal fields. Then in
Madrasand after that various routs were constructed I 1856. Besides
encouraging trade and commerce the railways have gone a long way in
uniting India. The introduction of electric telegraph
Dalhousie is regarded as the father of electric telegraph in India.
Nearly 4,000 miles of electric telegraph lines were
constructedconnecting Calcutta with Peshawar, Bombay, Madras
andother parts of the country. In Burma a line was laid down from
Rangoon to Mandalay. The telegraph department proved of great
assistance during the revolt of 1857 to Britishers. Postal reforms
The basis of modern postal system was laid down by Lord Dalhousie.
A new post office act was passed in 1854. Director general was
appointed to superintend the work of post offices in all
presidencies. An uniform rate per letter was introduced. Postage
stamps were issued for the first time. He turned post offices as
the source of revenue. Earlier it was a drain on the treasury.
Public works A separate Public Works Department was set up first
time.
A large scale works of pubic utility had began. Irrigational works
were undertaken on large scale. The main stream of the Ganges Canal
was completed and declared open on April 8,1854. Bari Doab Canal
work in Punjab was started. The work on the Grand Trunk Road was
started with more enthusiasm. Many bridges were constructed.
Commercial reforms Ports India were thrown open to the commerce of
the world. The harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were
developed . A large number of light houses were constructed. Indian
agriculture received special attention. Indian resources
particularly cotton, flax and tea were developed to supply raw
material for the millsin Britain. Indian trade began to be more
dominated by Englishmen. Thank you Presented By: Sheena Krishnan
Ulamparambath G.C.G. Sector 11, Chandigarh Chapter -3 The Uprising
of 1857
Causes revolt POLITICAL CAUSES Lord Dalhousies Doctrine of Lapse
The fear of other Kings Despotism and arrogance of the
Britishofficers Impartial judicial system The British were
considered as foreigners The plan to destroy the Mughal dynasty
Provocation of the Muslims Anti-social elements Religious reforms
Military reforms Educational reforms Postal reforms
Administrativereforms Development ofrailways and electronic
telegraphs Public works Commercial andrevenue reforms RELIGIOUS
REFORMS Propagation of Christianity in India The Indian
civilization was endangered bythe British Condemnation of Hindu
scriptures Reduction of the influence of the Panditsand Maulanas
Social reforms The role of Brahma Samaj and Raja Rammohan Roy
ECONOMIC CAUSES Absolute control of the trade by the British
No development in Indian Industries Pitiable condition of Indian
agriculture Impose of land tax on the tax free lands Destruction of
High class land lords Deprival of higher posts to the
educatedIndians Economic disadvantages and losses ECONOMIC CAUSES
Dissatisfaction among the Indiansregarding the military
administration
The law of the recruitment of commonservants Indiscipline in the
army Differences between the salaries of theIndian soldiers British
The excessive number of Indian soldiersin the army The annexation
of Oudh to the Britishempire Ruin of the British in the Afgan war
MILITARY REFORMS IMMEDIATE CAUSES AND THE MAIN EVENTS
Use ofGreasedCartridges THE MAIN EVENTS Revolt at Barrackpur on 29
March 1857 Revolt at Meerut on 9 May 1857 Occupation of Delhi on 11
May 1857 Re-occupation of Delhi by the British Revolt at Lucknow
Revolt at Kanpur Revolt at Banaras and Allahabad Revolt at Bihar
Revolt at Barailly Revoltat Shah Jahanpur Other centers IMMEDIATE
CAUSES AND THE MAIN EVENTS CAUSES OF THE FAILURE Supremacy of the
British in many spheres
Revolt did not spread in all parts of India Allthe states did not
take part in the revolt The co-operationof the Indian rulers to the
British The Gorkhas and the Sikhs did not co-operate withtherebels
Weak organization lack of capable leaders No common objective The
revolt started before the prescribed time Friendly relation between
the British and Afghanistan Policy of oppressions by the British
The supreme Naval power of the British Ideal time to the British
CAUSES OF THE FAILURE RESULTS OF THE REVOLT Consolidation of the
British empire
Increase in the number of British troops Direct administration of
India into the hands of the crown The policy of the annexation came
down Racial discrimination increased Policy of divide and rule by
the British End of the Mughal dynasty The end of the rank of the
Peshwa New policy towards the native states Recognition of the old
treaties Inspiration to the national war of independence
Amalgamation of the armies of the crown and the company
Conciliation of different castes Artillery was handed over to the
Europeans Abolition of religious discrimination Hostilitybetween
the Hindus and the Muslims Indian Council Act of 1861 organization
of financial system Declaration by the queen Victoria RESULTS OF
THE REVOLT chapter -4 Commercialization of agriculture
INTRODUCTIONOF PLANTATION CROPS Coffee, largest producer Karnataka
Tea cultivation Hilly areas more favourable workers Another view
Rubber Indigo Impact of commercialization -Rural indebtedness
POVERTY Unemployment MISERIES&LACK OF FOOD RIOTS PUBLICATIONS
PRESENT SCENARIO IN FARMS DESTRUCTION OF COTTAGE INDUSTRIES
Thankyou SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY POST GRADUATE GOVT.COLLEGE
SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH Textile, Jute and paper industries
Agro based industries Textile, Jute and paper industries The first
industry of cotton clothes in India was established in 1853 at
Bombay In 1879 the number of cotton mills was 56. In 1895 it became
144 and in 1905 it was 206. It is a large scale industry. Southern
regions produced more cotton than the northern regions. Textile
Textile, Oldest and largest industry The first jutemill in India
was established in at Rishra in Bengal by Mr. George Ackland.Jute
is known as golden fiber. In 1882 there were 20 jute factories in
India. In 1895 it became 36. JUTE Largest producer of jute in India
is West Bengal
Largest producer of jute in India is WestBengal. Sunderban delta in
West Bengal is the largest producer of jute. It is thedwelling
place of tiger also. Sunderban delta Paper industry An agro based
industry. Origin in 1812
First paper mill at Serampur in WestBengal Paper industry Paper
industry SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Thankyou SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY POST GRADUATE GOVT.COLLEGE
SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH.