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Essentials of Fire Fighting6th Edition

Firefighter I

Chapter 4 — Building Construction

http://news.yahoo.com/groom-killed-motorist-wedding-141654319.html?vp=1

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Describe the impact of fire on common building materials.

Learning Objective 1

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A wide variety of building materials are used in construction.

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Wood is the most common material used in North America.

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The size and moisture content of wood affects how it reacts to fire.

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Each type of masonry shows signs of deterioration in different ways.

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Courtesy of Ron Moore and McKinney (TX) FD

The effect of heat on metal depends on the type and exposure.

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(Cont.)

The effect of heat on metal depends on the type and exposure.

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(Cont.)

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Reinforced concrete typically performs well under fire conditions.

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Gypsum has excellent heat-resistant and fire-retardant properties.

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DISCUSSION QUESTION

What types of insulation are commonly found in your jurisdiction?Why is this important to know?

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Plastic typically melts and contributes to the content load during an incident.

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Composite materials are made by combining two or more distinctly different materials.

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Where can you find laminated timber?

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REVIEW QUESTION

What impact can fire have on common building materials?

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Explain the impact of fire on construction classifications.

Learning Objective 2

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Construction classification type is determined by several factors.

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Building codes are adopted and sometimes modified to meet local requirements.

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Some buildings may be exempt from following local codes and renovations can also change structures.

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Type I- Fire Resistive Construction

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•Maintains its structural integrity

•Will have blown on insulation/sprinkler systems

•Gives firefighters time for rescue

•Watch for contents fire

•Less potential for collapse

Type II- Non-Combustible Construction

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(Cont.)

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•Almost as resistive as Type I

•Confines Fire

•Steel components get weak

•Watch for interior contents!!!!

Type II- First Place Storage

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•You never know the CONTENTS!!!

Type III- Ordinary Construction

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(Cont.)

Type III- Safeway Plaza Hermiston

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DISCUSSION QUESTION

What types of renovations are commonly found in your jurisdiction?How can firefighters monitor these?

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Type IV- Heavy Timber

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Type IV- Heavy Timber

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•Non combustible and limited combustible material

•Large diameter materials

•Old factories, mills and warehouses– now in homes, lodges

•Fire hazard with interior materials

•Less collapse hazard

•Easier to breach

Full Log WallsBobG in action

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Type V- Wood Frame ConstructionSingle Story

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•Almost all smaller dimension wood

•Laminated Wood

•Unlimitied fire extension

•Calculate the fuel load and % of building on fire

Type V- Two Story

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•How many gallons of water?

•40 feet wide x 30 feet long- 25% on fire

•Window Type?

•Roof Pitch?

Manufactured homes are not required to conform to model building codes.

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There are three types of construction defined by the National Building Code of Canada.

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REVIEW QUESTION

How are different construction classifications affected by fire suppression?

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List the main types of occupancy classifications.

Learning Objective 3

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Occupancy classifications are defined by building and life safety codes.

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REVIEW QUESTION

What are the main types of occupancy classifications?

4–43

Describe the basic construction of building components.

Learning Objective 4

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Foundations are designed to support the weight of the building and its contents.

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Floors and ceilings form the top and bottom of the compartment.

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Walls define the perimeter of a building and divide it into compartments.

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Wall types and ratings vary depending on several factors.

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Fire walls are constructed of a variety of masonry materials.

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Penetrating walls should only be performed when needed.

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Roofs primarily protect a structure and its contents from the effects of weather.

4–53

(Cont.)

Hermiston Bowling Lanes

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•DOWNTOWN HERMISTON

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Roofs primarily protect a structure and its contents from the effects of weather.

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DISCUSSION QUESTION

How does knowing that arched roofs contribute to firefighter casualties impact your need to understand building construction?

What types of arched roofs are common in your jurisdiction?

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Roof construction is based on three main components; one is roof supports.

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Roof decks are another component in roof construction.

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Roof coverings, the final main component, come in a variety of styles.

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Roof penetrations and openings may indicate the locations of some rooms.

Observing the presence of roof obstructions can help when ventilating.

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(Cont.)

WARNING

Unauthorized security modifications create extreme life safety hazards for firefighters.

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Structural modifications should, but do not always, meet local building codes.

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Roof-mounted equipment can add a live load to the dead load on a roof.

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Stairs provide access to or egress from different levels of a structure.

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Exterior stairs and fire escapes provide access and egress in different ways.

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DISCUSSION QUESTION

Why might fire escapes not be able to support the weight of a firefighter?

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Doors vary widely in operation, style, design, and construction.

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(Cont.)

Doors vary widely in operation, style, design, and construction.

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Wood panel and flush doors are constructed using similar components.

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Glass and metal doors can be constructed in a variety of ways.

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Fire doors can be effective at limiting fire spread when properly maintained.

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Courtesy of Ron Moore and

McKinney (TX) FD

Window construction uses the same components for many styles.

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Fixed windows are nonoperable, these may be called display windows.

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Movable windows come in a variety of styles, depending on the structure’s requirements.

4–80

(Cont.)

Movable windows come in a variety of styles, depending on the structure’s requirements.

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(Cont.)

Movable windows come in a variety of styles, depending on the structure’s requirements.

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Security windows also come in different configurations.

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REVIEW QUESTION

In what ways can building components impact fire suppression efforts?

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• Your safety when fighting fire depends on your ability to know how the building will contribute to and even control the spread of fire.

• You must also understand the effect fire and heat have on structural components and materials to be able to anticipate results.

Summary

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