Post on 21-Jan-2016
Chap 9 Managing the Research
Function
D ecision Mak ing
P lanning
O rganizing
Leading
C ontro lling
Managem ent Functions
R esearch
D esign
Production
Q uality
Marketing
Project Managem ent
Managing Technology
Tim e Managem ent
E thics
C areer
Personal Technology
Managing Engineering and Technology
Advanced Organizer
Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives
Explain product and technology life cycles
Describe the legal means to protect a person’s ideas
Analyze the nature of creativity
Product Life CycleProduct Life CycleIdentification of need (consumer)Product planning (marketing analysis,
feasibility)Product researchProduct designProductionProduct evaluationProduct use & logistic support
(consumer)
Technology Life CycleTechnology Life CycleLaunch (introduction)GrowMatureSubstitute/Obsolete
Nature of R&D Nature of R&D Research, is systematic, intensive study
directed toward fuller scientific knowledge of the subject studied.
Basic research is ... research devoted to achieving a fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study ...
Applied research is directed toward the practical application of knowledge…
Development is the systematic use of scientific knowledge directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes and processes.
New Product Strategies New Product Strategies
First-to-marketFollow-the-leaderMe-tooApplication engineering
Reasons for Corporate Research to Fail
Reasons for Corporate Research to Fail
Not applicableNot enough patienceFailure in technology transfer
Selecting R&D Projects Selecting R&D Projects 60 ideas 12 worthy of preliminary evaluation6 potential products3 prototypes2 products for full production & marketing1 product with market success
Initial Screening Initial Screening ChecklistSimple payback time Net Present WorthMaximum expenditure justified
Emj = Fc Ft P
= Pcommercial success Ptech. success NPW
Initial Screening Initial Screening Checklist
Technical factors Research direction and balanceTiming of R&D and market development Stability of the potential market Position factor Market growth factors for the productMarketability and compatibility ProducibilityFinancial factors Patentability & need for continuing defensive research
Initial Screening ProcessInitial Screening ProcessPrepare the Matrix
CriteriaReference ConceptWeightings
Rate ConceptsScale (+ – 0) or (1–5)Compare to Reference Concept or Values
Rank ConceptsSum Weighted Scores
Combine and ImproveRemove Bad FeaturesCombine Good Qualities
Select Best ConceptMay Be More than One or NoneBeware of Average Concepts
CONCEPT VARIANTS
SELECTIONCRITERIA A B C D E F G REF.
Ease of Handling 0 0 – 0 0 – – 0Ease of Use 0 – – 0 0 + 0 0Number Readability 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0Dose Metering + + + + + 0 + 0Load Handling 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0Manufacturing Ease + – – 0 0 – 0 0Portability + + – – 0 – – 0
PLUSES 3 2 2 1 2 2 2SAMES 4 3 1 5 5 2 3
MINUSES 0 2 4 1 0 3 2
NET 3 0 –2 0 2 –1 0RANK 1 3 7 5 2 6 4
CONTINUE? Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes
ConceptsA DF E G+
Master Cylinder Lever Stop Swash Ring Dial Screw+
Selection Criteria Weight RatingWeighted
Score RatingWeighted
Score RatingWeighted
Score RatingWeighted
Score
Ease of Handling 5% 3 0.15 3 0.15 4 0.2 4 0.2
Ease of Use 15% 3 0.45 4 0.6 4 0.6 3 0.45
Readability of Settings 10% 2 0.2 3 0.3 5 0.5 5 0.5
Dose Metering Accuracy 25% 3 0.75 3 0.75 2 0.5 3 0.75
Durability 15% 2 0.3 5 0.75 4 0.6 3 0.45
Ease of Manufacture 20% 3 0.6 3 0.6 2 0.4 2 0.4
Portability 10% 3 0.3 3 0.3 3 0.3 3 0.3
Total Score
Rank
Continue? No Develop No No
(reference)
2.75
4
3.45
1
3.10
2
3.05
3
Things to RememberThings to Remember
The goal of concept selection is not to Select the best concept
The goal of concept selection is to Develop the best concept
So remember to combine and refine the concepts to develop better ones!
Protection of Ideas Protection of Ideas PatentsCopyrightsTrade secrets, andTrademarks and other marks
Patent Patent
An exclusive property right to an invention Issued by the Commissioner of Patents
and Trademarks, U.S. Department of Commerce
Limited to the "claims" of the patent
Classifications of patents Classifications of patents
UtilityDesign Plant
Utility PatentUtility PatentFor a process, machine, article of manufacture,
composition of material, or any improvement thereof For 20 years from date of filingCannot be obtained on laws of nature, methods of doing
business, scientific principles, or printed mattersConditions to be patentable, the invention must be
new or novel, useful or have utility, andnon-obvious
Design PatentDesign PatentOn new, original, and ornamental design of
an article of manufacture For a term of 14 years. Not concerned with how the article of
manufacture was made and how it was constituted, but with how it looks.
Plant PatentPlant Patent
For 20 years For plants when asexually reproduced, With the exception of tuber-propagated plants or
plants found in the uncultivated state
Establishing patent rights
Establishing patent rights
Conception and Reduction to practice. In US, if the first to conceive makes a reasonable,
diligent effort to reduce the invention to practice, he or she will receive the patent, even if someone else actually reduces it to practice earlier. In almost all other countries, patents are awarded to the first person to file, rather than the first to conceive.
Proof of ConceptionProof of ConceptionA written disclosure of the invention should be
made as soon after conception as possible. A disclosure's primary purpose is to prove the date
of conception where there is question of invention. The disclosure should include sufficient description
and sketches to describe fully what has been conceived.
The disclosure should be witnessed by at least two persons who fully understand its content.
Diligence to “reduce to practice”
Diligence to “reduce to practice”To demonstrate diligence to "reduce to practice," a written
record of developmental activities should be maintained in a bound notebook.
Daily entries are encouraged. Each page should be signed and witnessed in proximity to the entries on
that page. Each entry should be made in chronological order. Notebook pages should be consecutively numbered, with all entries
made in ink. If an error is made in an entry, it should not be erased: it should be
crossed out. All entries should be made by the inventor in his/her own handwriting.
Top 10 Companies with Patents
Top 10 Companies with Patents1998
IBM 2657Canon1928NEC 1627Motorola 1406Sony 1316Samsung 1304Fujitsu1189Toshiba 1170Kodak 1124Hitachi1094
1999IBM
2756NEC
1842Canon1795Samsung
1545Sony
1410Toshiba
1200Fujitsu1192Motorola
1192Lucent1152Mitsubishi
1052
2000IBM
2886NEC
2020Canon1890Samsung
1441Lucent1411Sony
1385Micron1304Toshib1232Motorol
1196Fujitsu
1147
Country Counts From Calendar Year 2000 Patent
File
Country Counts From Calendar Year 2000 Patent
FileCountry Utility DesignPlant Reissue TotalsU.S. 85072 11285 232 331 96920Japan 31296 1498 16 112 32922Germany 10234 505 70 13 10822Taiwan 4667 1135 0 4 5806France3819 338 9 7 4173U. Kingdom 3667 372 35 13 4087Canada 3419 484 10 10 3923S. Korea 3314 150 1 7 3472Italy 1714 247 2 4 1967Sweden 1577 160 1 0 1738
Trademarks and Other Marks
Trademarks and Other Marks
Trademarks Service marks Certification marks Collective marks
TrademarksA trademark is "used by a manufacturer or
merchant to identify his goods and distinguish them from those manufactured or sold by others."
The trademark is protected by federal statutes and registered with the Patent and Trademark Office.
"" or the notice "Reg. U.S. Pat. and TM Off." should be used with registered trademarks and "" or "Trademark" with non-registered marks.
Service marksA service mark is associated with services rather than
goods.
Certification marksA certification mark indicates that the marked goods or
services meet standards or services established by the mark's owner, for example, Good Housekeeping.
Collective marksA collective mark identifies members of a group such as
an organization, union, or association.
Registration of MarksStarting 11/16/1989, application for mark can be
made before any use has taken place.Most states have their own trademark law, in
addition to the federal law.
Copyrights Copyrights Copyright is a bundle of rights to reproduce, derive,
distribute, perform, & display an original creative work.A copyright protects expressions, not ideas. A potentially
patentable idea expressed in a copyrighted text may be used by others.
A copyright is a grant, by the United States, to an author for the right to exclude others (for a limited time) from reproducing his/her work.
A copyright is owned by the individual author except in the case of a “work for hire”, whereby the employer owns the copyright (17 USC 201a-b)
Types of Copyrights Types of Copyrights Literary worksMusical worksDramatic worksChoreographic worksPictorial worksMotion Pictures/VideosSound Recordings
Copyrights Copyrights A copyright generally prevents reproduction of a
copyrighted work for the life of the author, plus 70 years.
“Work for hire” copyright lasts for 120 years from the date of creation, or 95 years from first publication.
Copyrights Copyrights For works created after 1989, copyright notices are not
necessary (although they are recommended). The copyright notice has three elements: (1) the copyright
symbol , the word "copyright," or the abbreviation "copr."; (2) the year of first publication; and (3) the name of the copyright owner.
A copyright notice can appear any place in or on the work as long as it can be readily seen.
Copyright registration is not a condition for protection but is a prerequisite for an infringement suit.
Copyrighted material is registered with the copyright office at the Library of Congress.
Trade Secrets Trade Secrets Trade secrets have no precise definition, but to be protected
by the courts, they must be secret, substantial, and valuable. The secret can be almost anything as long as it is not
generally known in the trade or industry to which it applies. A trade secret provides its owner with a competitive
advantage. It may be a formula, process, know-how, specifications, pricing information, customer lists, supply sources, merchandising methods, or other business information. It may or may not be protected by other means.
Trade secrets have no time limitations.
Comparison of Means of Protecting Ideas
Comparison of Means of Protecting Ideas
Many ideas that are protected as trade secrets cannot be patented.
On the other hand, an item that is patentable can theoretically be protected as a trade secret.
If the idea can be easily discovered through reverse engineering, however, a patent is the only practical choice for protection.
CREATIVITY CREATIVITY
Nature of Creativity:Creativity is the ability to produce new and useful
ideas through the combination of known principles and components in novel and non-obvious ways.
Models for problem solving:
Models for problem solving:
Trial and error. Planning/decision-making process
(analytical reasoning)Creative process
Creative process Creative process Preparation.
Structure the problem, Collect all available information. Understand relations and effects, Solve sub-problems, and Explore all possible solutions and combinations that
may lead to a satisfactory solution.Frustration and incubation (Chili Factor)Inspiration or illumination Verification
Brainstorming and Other Techniques for
Creativity
Brainstorming and Other Techniques for
Creativity
Brainstorming Brainstorming Modern method for "organized ideation" First employed in the West by Alex Osborne in 1938 The essence of brainstorming is a creative conference,
ideally of 8 to 12 people meeting for less than an hour to develop a long list of 50 or more ideas.
Suggestions are listed without criticism, one visible idea leads to others.
At the end of this session participants are asked how the ideas could be combined or improved.
Organizing, weeding, and prioritizing the ideas produced is a separate, subsequent step.
Brainstorming Brainstorming "Tear-down" ApproachUsed by two people. The first person (person A) must disagree with the existing solution to
a problem and suggest another approach; Next, person B must disagree with both ideas and suggest a third; Then person A must suggest yet another solution This "cycle continues until a useful idea clicks."
"And-also" Method Person A suggests an improvement on the subject under study;
person B agrees, but suggests a further improvement; this sequential improvement "continues until a sound solution is reached."
Group technique by W. J. Gordon
Group technique by W. J. Gordon
A team explores the underlying concept of the problem.
The method encourages finding unusual approaches by preventing early closure on the problem.
A team of six meeting for about a day on a problem.
Nominal Group TechniqueStructured BrainstormingNominal Group TechniqueStructured Brainstorming
Silent generationRound robin phaseClarificationVoting and rankingTabulation
"Attribute listing" approach
(for individuals)
"Attribute listing" approach
(for individuals) A person lists attributes of an idea or item, Then concentrates on one attribute at a time to
make improvements in the original idea or item.
"Forced relationship" approach
(for individuals)
"Forced relationship" approach
(for individuals) It tries to generate new ideas by creating a
"forced relationship" between two or more usually unrelated ideas or items.
“Mindmapping”“Mindmapping”Write the main topic in the center. Think main factors, ideas, concepts, or components
directly related to the main topic.Concentrate on the sub-headings, and identify
related issues. Additional branches can be added.Repeat for all sub-headings, and sub-sub-headings.Connect related ideas and concepts. Review,
organize, and revise.Write-up.
Characteristics of Creative People
Characteristics of Creative People
Self-confidence and independence. Curiosity. Approach to problems. Some personal attributes.
more comfortable with things than people, have fewer close friends, and are not "joiners." have broad intellectual interests. enjoy intellectual games, practical jokes, creative
writing, and are almost always attracted by complexity.
Providing a Creative Environment
Providing a Creative Environment
Creative people are most effective in an org. that will tolerate idiosyncrasies, remove as much routine regulation and reporting as
feasible, provide support personnel and equipment as
required, andrecognize and reward successes.
Creativity and Innovation Creativity and Innovation
Invention (the creative process) produces ideas.
the process of innovation reduced invention to practice and use.
5 kinds of people needed for
technological innovation
5 kinds of people needed for
technological innovation Idea generator - the creative individual
Entrepreneur - the person who "carries the ball"Gatekeepers - bring in essential informationProgram managers - who manage without
inhibitingSponsor or Champion - the person, often in
senior management, who provides financial and moral support
R&D and Business Strategy
R&D and Business Strategy
Technology strategy should encompass research, product and process development, and manufacturing engineering.
Base Technologies Key Technologies Pacing Technologies
Evaluating R&D Effectiveness
Evaluating R&D Effectiveness
Ratio of research costs to profits.Percentage of total earnings due to new
products.Share of market due to new products Research costs related to increases in sales.Research costs ratio of new and old sales.Research costs per employee.
Evaluating R&D Effectiveness
Evaluating R&D Effectiveness
Ratio of research costs to overhead expenses such as administrative and selling costs.
Cash flows (continuing evaluation of the pattern of outflows for research expense and actual and projected inflows from resulting revenue).
Research auditsWeighted averages of costs and objectives Project profiles
Support for R&DSupport for R&DTechnician support to carry out repetitive testing and
other functions not requiring a graduate engineer or scientist.
Shop support of mechanics, glassblowers, and carpenters to produce test and research equipment based on researchers' sketches.
A technical library with technical information specialists conversant in the fields of the company's interest and willing and able to suggest sources to researchers and structure and run searches in the appropriate data bases for them.
Support for R&DSupport for R&DTechnical publication support, including typing, editing,
and graphical support to simplify researchers' production of reports, technical papers, and presentations.
A flexible, responsive system for approving and acquiring equipment as needed by researchers.
Ample computer facilities conveniently available to researchers, and programming assistance to provide consultation and programming to those researchers not wishing to do it themselves.