Changing Attitudes & Values

• Social Order• Middle Class• Rights for Women–Suffrage: The right to vote

• Public Education – late 1800’s• Higher Education

John Stuart Mill & Reform

• Gov’t should work for the good of all its citizens• Protected working children;

improve housing and factory conditions• Rejected economic systems that

left workers trapped in poverty

–Equality for all regardless of social class or economic power–All human beings “have equal need of a voice in government to secure their share of its benefits.”

Early Reform Laws• Working conditions troubled British

public–Factory Act of 1802–Ten Hours Act of 1847

Early Reform Laws• Hard to enforce – conditions remained

harsh• Did nothing to increase wages• Workers banded together to demandreform–Strikes –Unions

Collective Action

•By the 1870s Parliament passed laws legalizing strikes – unions have real power•Management and unions

discuss wages, hours, working conditions

New Methods of Production

• Interchangeable parts•Assembly line

Technology• Steel:–Henry Bessemer – purified iron

ore–Lighter, harder, more durable

than iron–Produced cheaply

•Chemicals–Medicine–First artificial food

(margarine)–Perfume–Soap!!–Dynamite

•Electricity–Electric light bulb–Batteries–Cables to carry electicity–Power transformers–AC Current

More…..• Transportation:–Internal combustion engine–Cars & gasoline–Airplanes

• Communication:–Telegraph–Telephone–Radio

Life during the Industrial Revolution

• Medicine:–Germ discovery–Vaccines–Pasteurization–Insects can

cause illness

–Anesthesia–Sterilization–Sanitation–Antiseptics

Cities• Increasing

population• Slums• Tenements• More wealth• Shopping areas• Trolley lines• Suburbia

• Sidewalks• Paved streets• Electric street

lights• Sewers• Clean water• Skyscrapers