“Managing, and Leading Organizational Change”

What is Organizational Change?

• An alteration of an organization’s environment, structure, culture, technology, or people– A constant force– An organizational reality– An opportunity or a threat

• Organizational Change – implies a creation of imbalances in the existing pattern of situation.

Change agent

– A person who initiates and assumes the responsibility for managing a change in an organization

Change Is …

• Inevitable

• Natural

• Constant

• A process

ADAPT OR DIE!ADAPT OR DIE!

Characteristics of change:

• Results from the pressure of forces – internal & external.

• Change in any part tends to effect the whole organization.

• Effects at varying rates of speed and degrees of significance.

Forces of Change

• External Forces– Market Conditions– Govt Laws and

Regulations / Political Forces

– Technology– Social Changes

(Spread of education,

+ Govt efforts – social equality)

• Internal Forces– Deficiencies in

existing structure– Workforce change

(Operative + Managerial)

– Employee Attitude

Levels of Change

• Individual Level Change

• Group Level Change

• Organizational Level Change

Causes of Resistance to change (Individual + Group Level)

• Economic Factors

• Psychological Factors

• Social Factors

Economic Factors

• Workers apprehend technological unemployment

• Fear idealism

• Fear of demotion

Psychological Factors

• Maintain status quo

• Apprehend boredom

• Worker lazy & reluctant

• Incomplete knowledge about change

Social Factors

• Attack on status

• Change may require new social adjustments

• Resist changes for which they aren’t consulted.

Causes of Organizational Resistance to change

• Organizational structure (bureaucratic structure)

• Resource Constraints

• Threat to Power

• Sunk Costs

Education andCommunicationEducation and

Communication ParticipationParticipation

NegotiationNegotiation Facilitationand SupportFacilitationand Support

Threat / FearThreat / FearManipulationand CooptationManipulation

and Cooptation

Techniques forReducing Resistance

Techniques forReducing Resistance

Force Field Analysis / Lewin’s Change Model

• Restraining Forces (forces for stability / forces against change)

• Driving Forces (forces for change)

Lewin’s Change Model (Force – Field Analysis)

Restraining Forces

QUASI – STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

Driving Forces

DESIRED STATUS

Types of Change

• Reactive Vs Proactive

• Planned Change – application of systematic & appropriate knowledge to human affairs for the purpose of creating intelligent action and choices.

Planned Change Theory

Change is more likely to be successful if it is planned using formal planning processes

Planned Change

• The Process (Kurt Lewin)

– Unfreezing, changing, and refreezing social systems• Unfreezing: neutralizing resistance by preparing

people for change.• Changing: implementing the planned change• Refreezing: systematically following a change

program for lasting results.

Lewin’s Three-Step Process

Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

Kurt Lewin’s Change Model

Unfreezing

Movement

Refreezing

Change Model

Drinking & Driving

Help make a change for yourself & those you love

Among Youth

Using Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory to Deter

Kurt Lewin’s Change Model

Unfreezing

Moving to a new level &

Refreezing

(Schein, 1995)

can be utilized to bring change to this social issuecan be utilized to bring change to this social issue

Unfreezing Finding ways to make people let go of the old way

of thinking by creating survival anxiety as well as psychological safety. (Schein, 1995)

• Educate audience on what is happening today around the issue of drinking & driving- use statistics

• Guest speakers (victims, family members of victims, those who chose to drink and drive) share their experiences & loss.

• Visual presentation of the aftermath of an accident.

• Pictures and stories of the victims who died from someone else choosing to drink and drive.

Christopher Oseguera

Killed by a drunk driver  “Teens burned to death in this

wreck”

www.duihope.org

Pfc. Ryan Owen Cootey, 18

Killed by a drunk driver

Feb. 8, 1999

On February 7, 1999, ten marines left Camp Pendleton on a shuttle van. They were going to San Diego on leave. The shuttle stopped at a red light. Moments later a drunk driver, who was fleeing from the police, slammed into them with the stolen vehicle he was driving.  Five seriously injured Marines were rushed to local hospitals. On February 8, Ryan Owen Cootey, passed away

www.duihope.org

Moving to a New Level

This occurs when the learner pass the unfreezing stage where they let go of the old way of thinking and open up

to new way of thinking.

• For example, youth sees the effect of drinking & driving and decide that it is not “cool” and decide to change their perceptions and actions.

At this stage the change agent must make At this stage the change agent must make sure the right information is available to sure the right information is available to guide learners through the right path to guide learners through the right path to change. Therefore, the educational session change. Therefore, the educational session should be informative and empowering. It should be informative and empowering. It should also be visually appealing to youth as should also be visually appealing to youth as well as interesting, short to the point & well as interesting, short to the point & positive. positive.

The educational session should make young people feel that they can make a difference and that they are the ones who can make a difference in this societal issue

Including them in the process of change & handing over the responsibility can have a strong impact on the outcomes.

Refreezing

Is to solidify the new way of thinking so that the learners will not go back to the old way

of thinking.

• Constant reminders: without it people will forget

• Advertising & repetition of the educational presentation.

Advertising

– Poster board around school halls

– Billboards around town, especially at liquor stores, pubs and buses

– Messages on alcohol containers about the harms of drinking & driving

– At popular joint outlets/ gathering points

MediaA powerful way to get the message

across to the youth.

• Television (TV) advertising, radio commercials, newspaper articles

• TV “is the most watched medium” and “eighty percent of the public nominate TV as their source of information” (Social Change Media, 2004)

• Hearing the same messages constantly will help to stick it in people's minds.

Role Modelsyoung people are always looking up topeople they admire to make choices in

theirown lives

Actors, singers, athletes speak out against drinking and driving.

Use the World Wide WebCreate a web site especially for youth.

For information & support

Jacqueline Saburido was taking a break

from college and industrial

engineering classes when she

came to the United States

from Venezuela to study English. A

drunk driving crash changed

her life completely.

• Denise survived the crash, later to have extensive surgery fifteen times, seven on her face alone.  She is now disfigured and blind, with permanent brain damage

Denise Wagoner hit by a drunk driver

• As long as there are drunk drivers on the road, no one is safe to be on the road.

• You or your loved one may be the next victim so don’t sit back and let it happen

• Take action now! Help prevent drinking and driving.