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International Journal of Management (IJM)
Volume 7, Issue 3, March-April 2016, pp.279–292, Article ID: IJM_07_03_026
Available online at
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ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510
© IAEME Publication
CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF FISH MARKETED
IN COCHIN CITY: SAFETY AND QUALITY
ISSUES
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
School of Industrial Fisheries,
Cochin University of Science and Technology,
Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi-22, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT
Chain of custody starts with a producer and ends with the ultimate
consumer involving a number of intermediaries in between. The involvement
of these marketing intermediaries provides services like head loading,
processing, preservation, packaging and transportation of fishes which results
in addition of cost. The present study examines the chain of custody of fish
marketed in Cochin City and its associated safety and quality issues. Among
the data isolated, major intermediaries involved in the fish marketing channels
of Cochin were identified and the role of each intermediary in the chain was
covered in detail. Quality concerns associated with the transportation of fish
from the primary stage to consumers were also examined. In addition,
surveyed landing centres, fishing harbours, wholesale and retail markets were
also monitored for assessing the limitations of infrastructure which could
bring up serious issues in terms of safety and quality. The microbiological
(TPC, MPN) studies performed confirmed the progressive increase in
microbial load as the fish travels from one stage to another. The organoleptic
study (Quality Index Method (QIM)) substantiated the loss in freshness and
quality of the fish as the chain prolonged. It could be concluded that the
seafood products available from domestic markets of Cochin City requires a
strict monitoring according to the standards proposed by authorities like
FSSAI (Food Safety Standards Association of India) so that the public health
should not be challenged by health issues.
Key words: Chain of Custody, Intermediaries, Quality, Safety, FSSAI, QIM
Cite this Article: Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran. Chain
of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues.
International Journal of Management, 7(2), 2016, pp. 279–292.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=7&IType=3
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
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INTRODUCTION
Fish is an important source of protein and its harvest, handling, processing and
distribution provide livelihood for millions of people as well as providing valuable
foreign exchange earnings to the country (FAO/WHO, 2010). It is a highly perishable
food, which requires proper and hygienic handling throughout the chain by which it is
marketed to the consumers. The “Chain of Custody” of fish and fishery products can
be defined as the set of measures which is intended to guarantee that the fish product
put on the market is really a product of designated origin and produced from the
assured fishery concerned. The measures include both the tracking/traceability of the
product throughout the processing, distribution and marketing chain, as well as the
proper tracking of the documentation and control of associated quantity (FAO,2012).
The chain of custody starts with a producer and ends with the ultimate consumer
involving a number of intermediaries in between. The involvement of these marketing
intermediaries provides services of head loading, processing, preservation, packaging
and transporting of fishes and these activities results in cost addition at every stage of
marketing (Bishnoi, 2005).
Present study concentrates on the chain of custody of fresh fish marketed in
Cochin City and the associated safety and quality issues. Major intermediaries
involved in fish marketing channels of Cochin were identified as fish traders,
wholesalers, commission agents and retailers. Due to the unhygienic and disordered
transferring of fishes between these intermediaries, there exists possibility for the
occurrence of safety and quality issues to the final product delivered to the consumers
which may result in serious health problems. This study also investigates the role of
concerned authorities in monitoring and rectifying the possible issues correlated to the
chain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Primary data regarding the chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City
(Ernakulam district, Kerala state, India) was collected through a questionnaire based
survey (Survey questionnaire design, 2012) conducted from August 2014 to November
2014. For gathering data, several survey techniques were adopted (Table 1).
Table 1 Details of preferred study areas in Cochin City
Si no Sites covered Categories of people interviewed
1.
a.
b
c.
Harbors
Fishing boat owners
Boat crew members
Traders
Intermediaries
Transportation truck drivers
Cochin Fisheries Harbor, Thopumpady
MunambamHarbor
VypinHarbor
2.
I.
Domestic markets
Super markets
Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues
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Si no Sites covered Categories of people interviewed
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mitra Mega Mart- DH Road
Lulu HyperMarket- Edapally
Well Mart- KaloorKathrikadav
AshisSuperMercato- Shanmugam Road
Super market/ retail outlet
owners
Staffs
Intermediaries
Staff appointed in the fish
display counter
II. Fish retail Outlets
a.
b.
c.
Fresh Fish Point , Matsyafed – High Court Road
Kadaloram – Kaloor, Kathrikadav
Cheenavala, Fresh Fish Outlet – Vypin
Fish sellers
Intermediaries
III. Wholesale market
Ernakulam Fish Market
In order to study the safety and quality issues associated with the chain of custody
of fish, microbiological and organoleptic analyses were performed for preferred
samples from harbor, wholesale market and retail outlet. Total plate count (TPC) and
E.coli identification were carried out as per Bacteriological Analytical Methods
proposed by USFDA (2001). Ice samples collected from harbor were tested for the
presence of total faecal coliforms using MPN (Most probable Number) method and
the test was done as per CIFT Laboratory Manual (2006). Quality Index Method
(QIM) was employed for organoleptic analysis of fish (Larsen, Heldbo, Jespersen and
Nielsen, 1992). Data collected from different sources like national/international
reports, academic journals, books, E-Journals, NGO publications and government
records on chain of custody were used as secondary data.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The chain of custody of fishes marketed in Cochin City was examined. The results
obtained from the study were discussed with reference to Lakshmanan et al., (1984),
Bishnoi (2005), Rasmussen (2012), and Das et al., (2013) and the results are as
follows (Table 2):
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
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Table 2 Details about different markets surveyed along with available fish products and their
source
Name of the
outlet Category Fish species available Source
Well Mart,
Kaloor
Kathrikadavu
road
Super
Market
with fish
products
Mackerel,Pomfret,GoldSpotMullet,Anchovies,
RedSnapper,Cobia,Sardines,Seefish, Jew Fish
Munambam,
Thopumpady,
Varapuzha
Lulu Hyper
market,
Edapally toll
junction
Hyper
Market
with fish
products
Chilled
White squid Whole, Anchovies, Glass Perch ,
Lizard Fish, sole, Sardine, Mackerel,
Threadfin (b&s), Pearl Spot(b&s), Tilapia,
Silver Belly, Bull Eye, Sea Catla, Reef Cod,
Rohu, Emperor Fish, Pirhana, Butter Fish,
Yellow Emperor, Boal Fish, Little Tuna,
Pomfret, Tarpon Fish, Seer Fish, Barracuda,
Ribbon Fish, Blue Scampi, Tiger Prawn,
White Prawn, Flower Tail Prawn, Oysters and
Mussels.
Steak
King Fish , Tuna, Cobia, Marlin,
Frozen
Fish Fillets, Breaded Products, Crab Stick,
Crab Claw, Fish Fingers, Fish Popcorn,
Lobster Bits
Vypin,
Varapuzha,
Munambam,
Abad Frozen
Food
products,
Amalgam
Seafood
Enterprises
Kadaloram,
Kaloor
Private
Fish Retail
Outlet
Jew Fish, Prawn, Seer Fish, RedSnapper,
Marl Sea Bass, Gold Spot Mullet, Brown
Sweet Lip, Pomfret, Blue Fin Trevally, White
Tailed Silver Bidy, Tilopia, Catla, Pearl Spot,
Mackerel, Sardines, Anchovies, Squid, Crab,
Oysters, Mussels
Munambam,
Poothota
Ashis
Supermercato,
Shanmugham
road, Cochin
Super
Market
with fish
products
Pearl Spot, Blue Fin Trevally, Sardines,
Mackerel, Anchovies, Prawns, (fresh)
All of the above whole cleaned
Thopumpady
Fresh Fish
Point, High
court junction
Govt.
(Matsyfed)
Fish Retail
Outlet
Seer Fish, Pearl Spot, White Tuna, Blue Fin
Trevally, Mackerel, Brown Sweet Lip, Cobia,
Milk Fish, Black Pomfret, White Snapper,
Sardine
Munambam,
Thopumpady
Mitra Mega
Mart, DH road
Super
Market
with
Frozen
Fish
Products
Sardine Cleaned, Seer Fish steak, Jumbo
Shrimp, Pomfret, Coco Shrimp, Curry Shrimp,
Squid Portion, Fish Portion, Fish Fillets,
Breaded Fish Products, Ready to Fry Products,
Anchovies Frozen.
Abad frozen
food
products,
Amalgam
seafood
Enterprises
Cheenavala ,
Kalamukk
,Vypin
Private
Fish Retail
Outlet
Black and white Pomfret, Mackerel, Tuna,
Red Snapper, Pearl Spot, Sardines, Blue Fin
Trevally Horse Mackerel, Silver Belly,
Prawns, Crab, Barracuda, MahiMahi, Ribbon
Fish
Vypin
Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues
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In this case study, sardines and mackerels were found to have higher consumer
preference with respect to other marketed fishes, since they are cheaper in cost and
easily available irrespective to seasonal occurrence. Hence, more emphasis was given
to the chain of custody of these fishes (Figure 1) rather than the rest.
Figure 1 Chain of Custody of sardine and mackerel
The most employed Chains for transfer of fishes in Cochin City are the following
(Fig 2)
Figure 2 The most employed Chains for transfer of fishes in Cochin City
Table 3, provides details about the role and activities carried out by the major
intermediaries involved in the fish transfer chain.
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
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Table 3 Roles of the Actors involved in the Chain (Kulkarni, 2005)
Fisherman Commission agent Supplier Seller
Input acquirement,
diesel, ice, food, nets,
boat, 6-12 helpers
Receive fish from boat Receive fish from
agent
Receive fish from
supplier
Undertake1-30days
fishing trip
Weigh fish Stock fishes in
crates filled with ice
Washes the fish
Classify fish as per
category
Grade fish as per
defective and non
defective
Sort fishes in 4
grades
Grades and weighs
the fish
Stove the fish in ice Negotiate price with
fishermen and
suppliers
Transfer fish to the
seller
Displays the fish
after icing
Unload the fish on
docks after
preliminary washing
--------------------
Clean the fish
Sells the fish to the
buyers
Negotiate price with
the agent and receive
money
----------------------
Negotiate price with
agent and the seller
Negotiate price with
the buyer and
supplier
Major safety issues related to chain of custody of fishes in Cochin City
Fish Handling was not found to be hygienic and disinfected.
Workers not aware of keeping cleanliness and its importance in the quality of the
final product.
The landing site where fish is kept for a long time during auctioning was highly
contaminated and unsanitary.
There was no scheduled cleaning or disinfection of the landing site or fish handling
area.
Ice used for fish storage was very dirty in condition with accumulation of sediment
particles.
Water used for washing fish was filthy and untreated.
Figure 3 Contaminated working deck
Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues
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Figure 4 Unhygienic premises
Figure 5 Inadequate icing
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
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Figure 6 Filth content in ice used for fish storage
QUALITY ISSUES
The major transfer points in the chain of custody of fresh fishes were identified. The
bacterial load present in the fishes was recognised by carrying out Total Plate Count
(TPC) analysis. Test for presence of specific bacteria entering the fishes through
direct contacts with faecal contents (E.g.Escherichia coli) were accomplished using
T7 agar (Costa, 2013). Ice used for storage of fishes during transfer, was also
subjected to MPN analysis for identifying the microbiological quality (faecal
coliforms) of water used in ice making. Finally organoleptic analysis of 10 separate
samples of fresh fishes collected from harbor and fish market were performed to
substantiate the deterioration in quality of fresh fish before it reaches the consumer.
Microbiological assessment of the samples taken from different transfer
points of the chain
Table no.4 shows the Total plate count (TPC) result of the random samples
collected from harbour, wholesale market and retail outlet respectively.
Microbiological analysis was carried out in Mackerel (Rastrallinger kanagurta) in
order to find out the bacterial load present within. As per the regulation provided by
FSSAI, the bacterial load is not supposed to increase more than 1 X 103cfu/g (FSSAI,
2009) for fresh Mackerel species. But in this case, the samples were found to have
more TPC value than the fixed standard value. Lakshmanan et al., (1984) stated that
the bacterial load increases in fishes due to improper and unhygienic handling as it is
transferred from one point of the chain to another. Out of 3 samples collected, most
amount of bacterial load was found to be in retail outlets (11 x 103cfu/g) in which the
chain of custody was much lengthier including more number of chain actors and
transfer points. From the harbor, fishes were transferred immediately by the
wholesalers where it was kept in custody of the wholesalers without proper icing for
more than 2 hours which is a major issue for bacterial load. Transfer of fishes from
wholesalers to retailers was also subjected to time consumption. Absence of hygienic
handling also accounted as a major factor for the increase in bacterial load.
Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues
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Table 4 Total plate count of analysed samples
Sample No. Source TPC/gmcfu/g Mean Standard
Deviation
1 Harbor 8.1 x 103 8.1 8.1 ± 0.1
2.5 x 103 2.4 2.4 ± 0.1
1.4 x 103 1.3 1.4 ± 0.05
2 Wholesale market 3 x 103 3.1 3 ± 0.1
1.3 x 103 1.2 1.3 ± 0.1
1 x 103 1.1 1 ± 0.1
3 Retail outlet 11 x 103 11.1 11 ± 0.1
5 x 103 5.1 5 ± 0.1
3 x 103 3.1 3 ± 0.05
Table 5, shows the results of identification of E. coli from the analysed samples
(Rastrallinger kanagurta, sample used for TPC analysis). The results illustrated that
the fishes landed in harbour were found to have E. coli, which might have got in the
fish either due to careless and unhygienic handling or from direct contact with faecal
matters. Costa (2013) evidently indicates that this specific bacterium enters the raw
fish from the surroundings which were found to be contaminated with faecal matter.
Since the fishes after auctioning was immediately iced by the agents, E. coli was
found to be absent in samples from both the markets (as per Costa (2013) E. coli
shows 95% reduction in iced condition).
Table 5 Identification of E. coli
Sample
number Date of sampling Source of sample Result
1 20/11/14 Fishing harbour Positive (dark yellow
centered colonies present)
2 24/11/14 Fish wholesale market Negative
3 27/11/14 Fish retail outlet Negative
Table 6, gives the results of analysis (MPN) of ice sample collected from harbour.
The analysis was carried out with reference to Surendran et al., (2006). The result
provided above positively demonstrates the presence of faecal coliforms in the ice
used frequently for fish storage in harbor. This can be quality issue related to the
fishes sold in markets. If the ice used for fish storage is not clean, there is a high
chance of fish getting contaminated and it also will affect the safety of the people
consuming it. The results were compared with Sudhanadh et al., (2011).
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
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Table 6 Results of analysis of ice sample collected from harbour
Organism
cultural response
Inoculum
(CFU) Growth Acid Gas
Enterobacteraerogenes
ATCC 13048
50-100 luxuriant Positive reaction Positive
reaction
Esterichia coli
ATCC 25922
50-100 luxuriant Positive reaction Positive
reaction
Klesbsiella pneumonia
ATCC 12011
50-100 luxuriant Positive reaction Positive
reaction
Proteus mirabilis
ATCC 25933
50-100 luxuriant Negative reaction Negative
reaction
Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC
12011
50-100 Fair to good Negative reaction Negative
reaction
Staphylococcus aureus >= 103 Inhibited ------------------------ -----------
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212
50-100 None-poor Positive reaction Negative reaction
Organoleptic assessment
Table 7 Quality assessment scheme used to identify the quality index demerit score (Larsen
et al., 1992)
Quality parameter Character Score
Skin Bright, shining 0
Bright 1
Dull 2
Bloodspot on gill cover None 0
Small 1
Big 2
Very big 3
Stiffness Stiff in rigor mortis 0
General appearance Elastic 1
Firm 2
Soft 3
Belly Firm 0
Soft 1
Belly burst 2
Smell Fresh, seaweed/metallic 0
Neutral 1
Musty/sour 2
Stale meat/rancid 3
Clarity Clear 0
Cloudy 1
Eyes Shape Normal 0
Plain 1
Sunken 3
Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues
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Quality parameter Character Score
Gills Color Characteristic red 0
Faded discolored 1
Smell Fresh, seaweed/metallic 0
Neutral 1
Sweaty/slightly rancid 2
Sour stink/stale, rancid 3
Sum of scores (min. 0 and max. 20)
Table 8 Results of organoleptic assessment of random samples observed from harbor
SAMPLE NUMBER QUALITY
PARAMETER CHARACTER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GENERAL
APPEARANCE SKIN 0 1 0 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
BLOOD SPOT ON
GILL COVER 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
STIFFNESS 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
BELLY 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
SMELL 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
EYES CLARITY 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
SHAPE 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
GILLS COLOUR 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
SMELL 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 SUM OF SCORES 9 9 4 8 6 5 10 9 7 6
Table 9 Results of organoleptic assessment of random samples observed from fish markets
SAMPLE NUMBER
QUALITY
PARAMETER
CHARACTER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GENERAL
APPEARANCE
SKIN 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
BLOOD SPOT ON
GILL COVER 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
STIFFNESS 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
BELLY 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
SMELL 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
EYES CLARITY 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
SHAPE 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
GILLS COLOUR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SMELL 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SUM OF SCORES 11 12 8 10 8 8 9 9 8 10
Table 8 and 9 shows the results obtained from the organoleptic assessment of
random samples collected from harbor and retail outlets respectively. Jonsdottir
(1992) substantiates that evident deterioration in fresh fish quality can be noticeably
revealed using QIM. Out of the maximum score taken as 20, the harbour results were
found to be more acceptable than the retail outlet samples. In the harbour the samples,
maximum score came as 10 and least as 6. But in the case of retail outlets the
maximum came as 12 and minimum as 8. This variation clearly shows the
deterioration of quality of fish as it passes through different transfer point before it
reaches the outlet.
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Fresh fishes which appear to be in good and healthy condition in the market display
are not healthy and safe as it seems. The stated factor was confirmed and proved
through surveys in specific sites and microbiological, organoleptic analysis done from
selected samples. Even though proper cooking of fish and addition of natural
preservatives before consumption reduces the risk of causing related diseases to a
certain level, carelessness shown by the people associated with fish catching,
marketing and handling may result in serious health issues. The quality and safety
problem arises right from the beginning step that is fish catching. Fish caught will be
already having bacterial load due to the highly polluted water bodies which is further
increased by the unhygienic handling done by the fishermen as well as the
contaminated surface to which fish comes in contact after catching. The
contamination is well increased as it passes through a long chain of custody before it
reaches finally to the consumer. Correction should be done for the prevention of
hazards in the following steps of the chain as recommended below.
Role of FSSAI in ensuring Safety of fresh fish/fish products available in
domestic markets
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established
under Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 for ensuring the safety of the consumers.
All the eatables like fruits, vegetables, meat products including fish, dairy products,
processed products, semi processed and ready to eat products comes under the
consideration of FSSAI. All the eatable products available in Indian market meant for
sale should have FSSAI registration. They are found to take action against almost all
the food products both exporting and importing, but they give least importance to the
domestic fish products available in local fish markets. In Cochin City the FSSAI
district office is located at Thripunithura (Ernakulam, Kerala, India). As per the
information provided by the officials in the office, the safety and quality issues
concerned with the fresh and chilled seafood products available in the domestic
markets in the City are not coming under the concern of FSSAI. They are not taking
any initiative in monitoring the conditions prevailing in the harbors and in other
specific parts of the distribution chain. They do not adopt any initiative in preventing
the possibility of occurrence of safety and quality issues associated with the
consumption of fresh and chilled seafood products. From the study conducted, it
could be analysed that the seafood products available in domestic markets of Cochin
City is not safe for consumption as it may cause serious health issues in future to the
consumers. The authority under which the fresh fishes come under is FSSAI so the
authority should try to bring under consideration the problems associated with the
distribution chain of fresh fishery products so that any possibility for occurrence of
any disease outbreaks or any other health issues can be prevented before it occurs.
The authority should also try to train the people associated with the distribution chain
on importance of keeping personnel cleanliness and about the possible hazards which
may arise due to careless handling, delay in icing or due to use of untidy ice for fish
and shell fish storage. The Local Self Government also has the responsibility to
properly maintain the infrastructure required for marketing fish with good quality for
domestic consumption. This fact must be seriously considered and proper action
should be taken to ensure the safety of the consumers.
Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues
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Table10 The fish passes through different transfer points before it finally reaches the
consumer. Here we have a summary of what can go wrong at each of handling steps:
Handling step Potential danger Source of danger
Water body to landing site Growth of bacteria
Contamination
Bruises
Expose to sun and wind
Leaking of boat
Rough handling
Prolonged stay of fish in nets
At landing site Growth of bacteria
Contamination
Delayed icing
Landing site water
Insulated container Contamination
Growth of bacteria
Fish crushing
Poor drainage
Transportation with cargo
Improper drainage
Poor insulation of containers
High mechanical load
Standing on fish
Insulated truck Growth of bacteria
Fish crushing
Delayed re-icing
Poor insulation of truck
Improper icing
Mechanical load
At market Substandard quality fishes Delayed off loading
Poor inspection
Table 11 Suggestions for improvement of operations in the chain which relates to quality and
safety and their supposed effects
Supposed effects
Suggestions Maintain
freshness
Match
buyers
need
Contributes to
assessment of
quality
Fewer complaints Saves time
Excess ice in all
boxes at auction *
Use of slush ice for
chilling onboard,
more chilling
*
Low temperature in
auction hall *
Shorter fishing trips *
Improvement of
catch handling at sea *
No mixing of fish of
different freshness
categories during
auction
* *
More careful quality
assessment by
collectors
* * * *
QIM at auction *
Division of freshness
category A into
subcategories
*
Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran
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