Post on 20-Jul-2015
English Language Unit 1English Language Unit 1addict (n)Coming from the Latin addictus, addicts in Roman times were broke people given as slaves to the people they owed money to. Only in the early 1900s did it come to mean dependent on morphine and later other drugs.
Learning intention:Develop knowledge of word classes and explore syntax and sentences.
Success criteria: Able to:- identify and explain closed word classes;
Closed class wordsClosed class wordsDo not easily admit new members◦ Pronouns◦ Conjunctions◦ Prepositions◦ Determiners (sometimes called articles)
The grammatical “glue” that sticks the open class words together.
Closed Class - PronounsClosed Class - PronounsHow to identify pronouns:◦ pronouns take the place of nouns
Types of pronouns:◦ personal◦ possessive◦ reflexive◦ demonstrative◦ indefinite◦ interrogative
Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun TypesPersonal pronouns – take the place of
the subject / object in the sentence.Examples of pronouns to refer to the
subjectExamples of pronouns to refer to the
object - me, him, herJohn drove Jackie home.
Subject verb Object noun.He drove her home.
Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun TypesPossessive pronouns show possession
Reflexive pronouns show the object of the verb is the same as the subject (these always end in -self or –selves
Demonstrative pronouns give a sense of something being pointed at:
this, that, these, those
N.B. If any of these words are put in front of a noun they become a determiner
Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun TypesIndefinite pronouns act as limiting words◦ used to refer to people or things without
saying exactly who or what
somebody someone something
anybody anyone anything
nobody no one nothing
everybody everyone everything
Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun TypesRelative pronouns are who, whose and whom. ◦ it is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause◦ it is called a "relative" pronoun because it
"relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies
For example,◦ The person who phoned me last night is my
teacher.
Interrogative pronouns are who, whose, which, what◦ they are used when asking a question
Closed Class – ConjunctionsClosed Class – ConjunctionsConjunctions join together different parts
of a sentence◦ Coordinating conjunctions join together parts
of a sentence of equal valueI went to the party and met Tony there.
(I went to the party. I met Tony at the party.)
◦ Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause to a main clauseI won’t go to Luna Park unless you can come
too.FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So
Closed Class - PrepositionClosed Class - PrepositionPrepositions◦ usually show how one thing is related to
something else◦ show the relationship between the noun that
comes after it and something else in the sentence◦ they relate to position, directions and time
I saw the bird fly over the mountain.The car went past me at high speed.
The children ate lunch before going outside.
Closed Class - DeterminersClosed Class - DeterminersDeterminers ◦ precede (go before) the noun and refer
directly to the noun◦ definite determiner = the◦ indefinite determiner = a / an◦ can refer to a specific quantity, e.g. one, two,
three, etc.; or◦ can refer to a vague amount, e.g. some, few,
many, etc.
SyntaxSyntaxthe way words are arranged in a
sentence, clause or a phraseword order affects meaningthe two essential parts of any English
sentence are the subject, the person /thing the sentence is about and, the predicate, what is written/said about the subject
sentences are made up of clauses and phrases
Syntax – Clause StructureSyntax – Clause StructureTwo types of clause structures◦ main / independent◦ subordinate / dependent
Main clauses can stand on their own as a sentence.
Subordinate clauses can NOT
Identify the main and subordinate clause in this sentence.
The girl screamed because she saw a ghost.
Syntax – Subordinate ClausesSyntax – Subordinate ClausesTwo types – Relative and Adverbial◦ Relative clause
describes a noun it relates to is always introduced by a relative pronoun
(who, which, that) relates the clause to the noun in the main clause
Can you find the relative clause?The man who did the painting is over there.
Syntax – Subordinate ClauseSyntax – Subordinate Clause◦ Adverbial clause
answers the questions of how, when, where and why about the verb
As she entered the room the girl screamed because she saw the ghost.the girl screamed – main clauseAs she entered the room – subordinate and adverbial clause – answers whenbecause she saw the ghost – tells why she screamed
Syntax – Sentence StructureSyntax – Sentence StructureFour sentence structures◦ Simple◦ Compound◦ Complex◦ Ellipsis
Syntax – Sentence StructureSyntax – Sentence StructureSimple sentences
(or main / independent clause)◦ it has only one clauseThe dog jumped over the fence.
Compound sentences◦ made up of two or more simple sentences◦ joined by a conjunction or separated by a
comma, semi-colon or colonShe had her car serviced and bought new tyres.
Syntax – Sentence StructureSyntax – Sentence StructureComplex sentences◦ are made up of a main clause + one or more
subordinate clauses
For example, As she entered the room the girl screamed because
she saw the ghost.
Syntax – Sentence StructureSyntax – Sentence StructureEllipsis◦ the omission of words from a sentence
because they appear elsewhere they can be worked out from the context
For example,Got it?
Syntax – Sentence TypesSyntax – Sentence TypesFour sentence types◦ Declarative
sentences that state facts
◦ Imperative commands or sentences that give orders or requests
◦ Exclamative sentences that express a strong feeling or emotion
◦ Interrogative questions or sentences that ask for an answer