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Electrical Fundamentals
• What is electricity?
• How it is measured?
• What are the sources ofelectricity
• What does electricity will do?
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What is electricity?
• Electricity is defined as the flow ofelectrons
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• How can we get electrons to flow?
1. Source
2. Path
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• Source: something that has an imbalanceof electrons and protons
– Protons are positively charged
– Electrons are negatively charged
– Since opposites attract, if we create animbalance of electrons and protons we have
electrical potential – Electrical potential is electrical pressure and it
is measured in volts
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• Path: a conductor that connects theprotons with the electrons – A conductor is anything that has less than 4
electrons held loosely in their atom’s outer orbit
– This allows the electrons to move freely fromone atom to another
– An insulator holds its electrons in a tighterorbit and does not allow movement easily
– Once a path is established, electrons willmove because of the attraction caused by the
imbalance in the source
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• How do we know electrons are moving?
• Can we hear, see or feel electronsmoving?
• We can only see the effects of electronsmoving
• Electrons if left unrestricted, will move sofast that extreme heat is created from thefriction generated by their movement
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• Electricity: flow of electrons
• What is required for electrons to flow?
– A basic circuit• What is a basic circuit?
– Source
– Path – load
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How is it measured?
• Volts: electrical pressure – Volts do not move through circuits
– Voltage is simply the strength of the
imbalance between protons and electrons andforce the electrons to move through aconductor
– Voltage is measured with a voltmeter that
measures the imbalance between the positiveside and negative side of a circuit
– Voltmeters must be wired in parallel
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How is it measured?
• Amperes: the measurement of the amountof electrons flowing through the circuit – Amps are the measurement of current in an
electrical circuit – Amps are measured with an ammeter
– For an ammeter to measure current in acircuit, the current in the circuit must flow
through the ammeter – Ammeters must be hooked up to a circuit in
series
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How is it measured?
• Ohms: a measurement of electronsresistance to flow through a circuit
– Resistance must be present in a circuit to
control the flow of electrons
– Resistance in a circuit can be measured withan ohmmeter
– An ohmmeter is self-powered and requiresthe circuit to be open
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What are the sources of
electricity
• Chemical reaction: electrochemistry
• Magnetism: electromagnetism
• Pressure: piezoelectricity• Light: photoelectricity
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