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PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
CHAPTER 14: INHERITANCE
Multiple Choice Questions
For Question 1 to 15, each question is followed by four alternative answers A, B, C or D.
Choose one correct answer for each question and blacken the corresponding space in your
objective answer sheet.
14.1 Concept of Inheritance Based on Mendel’s Experiment
1. Diagram 14.1 shows a pair of homologous chromosomes. The alphabets represent the
gene in the chromosomes.
Q and q represent
A. linked genes
B alleles
C. genotypes
D. phenotype
2. If T represents the allele for tallness and t the allele for dwarfness, then an individual
with Tt is
A. homozygous for tallness
B heterozygous for tallness
C. homozygous for dwarfness
D. heterozygous for dwarfness
3. Two pure-bred plants with the genotypes BBRR and bbrr respectively are crossed. F1
offspring were allowed to self-pollinate. How many types of phenotypes are produced if
B and R are dominant?
A. 2
B 4
C. 8
D. 16
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-1
P q R s T U
p Q R S t u
DIAGRAM 14.1
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4. Diagram 14.2 shows the inheritance of type of eye colour in humans. Gene for blue
eyes is recessive.
First generation
Second generation
Third generation
Key :
Male – brown eyes
Male – blue eyes
Female – blue eyes
Female – brown eyes
Which of the following conditions are true of P and Q?
P Q
A heterozygous Homozygous dominant
B heterozygous Homozygous recessive
C Heterozygous dominant heterozygous
D Homozygous recessive heterozygous
5. The allele for black hair in human is dominant to the allele for brown hair. A man with
black hair is heterozygous while his wife has brown hair. The probably of getting a child
with brown hair is
A. 1
B ¾
C. ½
D. ¼
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-2
P
Q
DIAGRAM 14.2
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
14.2 Inheritance
6. A married couple has different blood group. Ahmad has a blood group A, whereas his
wife has a blood group B.
Determine the possible blood group of their children.
A. It could only be blood group AB
B. It could only be blood group A or B
C. It could only be blood group A, B or O
D. It could only be blood group O
7. Which of the following represented the alleles of the human blood group?
A. ABO
B. Xa Xb Xo
C. Aa B bOo
D. IA IB IO
8. Erythroblastosis fetalis is the problem of new born baby that related to
A. blood transfusion incompatibility
B. Rh factor
C. malnutrition
D. mother’s drug abuse.
9. Diagram 14.3 shows the human karyotype.
The abnormal number of the chromosome 21 is a result of non-disjunction during
A. meiosis
B. mitosis
C. cytokinesis
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-3
DIAGRAM 14.3
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
D. plasmolysis
10. Heredity diseases are disease that can be transmitted from parent to their offspring.
Which of the following is not the heredity disease?
A. Haemophillia
B. Colour blindness
C. Muscular dystrophy
D. Malaria
14.3 Understanding Genes and Chromosomes
11. Diagram 14.4 shows a part of the DNA structure.
Figure 1
Which of the following represents J,K,L and M ?
J K L M
A Deoxyribose
sugar
Nitrogenous
base
Phosphate
group
Phosphate
group
B Phosphate
group
Deoxyribose
sugar
Nitrogenous
base
Nitrogenous
base
C Phosphate
group
Nitrogenous
base
Deoxyribose Phosphate
group
D Nitrogenous
base
Deoxyribose
sugar
Nitrogenous
base
Phosphate
group
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-4
DIAGRAM 14.4
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
12. The uses of DNA fingerprint are
I. to identify the parent of someone
II. to solve criminal cases
III. to identify diseases inherited
IV. to identify a baby claimed by different mothers
A. I and IV only
B. II and III only
C. I, II and III only
D. I, II, III and IV
13. Which of the following is not true about DNA fingerprinting?
A. It is a print pattern from the right thumb
B. It can be made from a blood sample, hair or semen sample
C. It is used in forensic work
D. It can be used to confirm animal pedigrees
14. What are the advantages of introducing genetic engineering in agriculture?
I. Increase the food yield
II. Improve the food quality
III. Increase in resistance to pests and diseases
A. I only
B I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, III
15. Which of the following is not the objective of the Human Genome Project?
A. Determine the sequence of all the base pairs found in the DNA of the human
genome
B Make map showing the exact locations of genes for major sections of human
chromosomes
C. Produce linkage maps where inherited traits can be tracked over generations
D. To determine the sex of foetus
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-5
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Structured Items
14.1 Concept of Inheritance Based on Mendel’s Experiment
1. Diagram 14.5 shows a cross between two varieties of pea plants in which tall pea plant
with red flowers is crossed with short pea plant with white flowers. Both plants are pure
bred.
(a) (i) Complete the alleles in Figure 1. [2 marks]
(ii) State the type of cross shown in Figure 1. [1 mark]
Dihybrid cross
(b) (i) State the genotype of plants in F1 generation. [1 mark ]
TtRr
(ii) State the phenotype of plants in F1 generation [1 mark]
Tall pea plant with red flowers
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-6
Parent
DIAGRAM 14.5
Key :
T – tall
t – short
R– red flowers
r – white flowers
F1 generation
Gametes
T
R
T
R
t
r
t
r
T
R
T
R
T
R
T
R
t
r
t
r
t
r
t
r
t
r
T
R
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
(c) If crossing over between genes takes place in the individuals of F1 generation
during meiosis, draw the possible gametes produced from the F1 generation.
[2 marks]
(d) Table 14.1 shows an incomplete Punnett’s of crossing made between a
heterozygous plant for tallness and the red flowers and a homozygous
recessive plant for the same traits.
Gametes TR Tr tR tr
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
(i) Complete Table 1 to show the various offspring produced. [2
marks]
(ii) Explain the results. [3 marks]
- A plant which is heterozygous for tallness and the red
flowers has the genotype TtRr. The plant produces four
types of gametes, TR, Tr,tR and tr.
[1]
- A plant which is homogygous recessive has the genotype
ttrr. The plant produces a type of gametes, tr.
[1]
- When the plant is crossed with another plant at random to
produce plants with TtRr, Ttrr, ttRr and ttrr as their
genotypes.
[1]
(iii) What is the percentage of the offspring produced for short pea plant with
white flowers? [1 mark]
25%
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-7
T
r
T
R
t
r
t
R
TABLE 14.1
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14.2 Inheritance
2. Diagram 14.6 shows the pedigree of a family for the haemophillia disease.
Haemophollia is a hereditary sex-linked disease cause by a recessive allele found on
the X chromosome.
Hassan Anis
Akmal Adam Esah
Key
Male normal XH XH, XHY
Male haemophillia Xh Xh, Xh Y
Female normal XH Xh
Female haemophillia
(a) (i) What is Anis genotype? [1 mark]
Xh Xh
(ii) Explain how her genotype is determined. [2
marks]
The allele for haemophillia is recessive. Both alleles must be
recessive to produce the phenotype of haemophillia.
(b) (i) What is the genotype of Hassan? [1 mark]
XHY
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-8
DIAGRAM 14.6
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
(ii) Explain how his genotype is determined. [2
marks]
Male have only one X chromosome. To show the normal phenotype,
Hassan must have the dominant allele in the X chromosome.
(c) Esah has a heterozygote genotype, while Adam is a haemophillia patient.
Illustrate by using a schematic diagram to show their children genotype and
phenotype probability. [4
marks]
Adam Esah
(d) What is the probability of their son to get haemophilia? [1mark]
25%
(e) What is the meaning of hereditary sex-linked? [2marks]
The genes on the sex chromosomes which are not involve in sex
determination
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-9
XhY XH Xh
Xh Y Xh XH
Y XhY XH
Xh
Xh XH
Xh Xh
Meiosis
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
14.3 Understanding Genes and Chromosomes
3. Diagram 14.7 shows the molecular arrangement of part of a DNA molecule.
(a) (i) Name the basic unit that made up the DNA molecule. [1mark]
Nucleotide.
(ii) Circle on the diagram above to show a basic unit of DNA molecule.
[1mark]
(iii) Name the component that made up the basic unit named in (a)(i).
[1mark]
A deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
(b) Describe the structure of the DNA molecule. [1mark]
A DNA molecule consist of two polynucleotide strand coiled together to
form double helix. The two strands are anti parallel.
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-10
DIAGRAM 14.7
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
(c) The DNA carries the genetic codes that determine the characteristic of
organism. Which part of the molecules that form the genetic codes?
[1mark]
The sequence of nitrogenous bases.
(d) Complete Diagram 14.8 below to show the organization of a chromosome .
[5marks]
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-11
Chromosome
Nucleotide
Bes nitrogenous
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Polynucleotide
DNA
DIAGRAM 14.8
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
Essay Questions
14.1 Concept of Inheritance Based on Mendel’s Experiment
1. (a)
Explain the above statement by using the monohybrid cross between a homozygous
dominant long-winged Drosophilia is mated with a homozygous recessive vestigal-
winged Drosophila.
[10 marks]
- if a homozygous long-winged Drosophilia is mated with a vestigial-winged
Drosophilia, all the F1 offspring are found to be long-winged
[1]
- if two of the F1 flies are allowed to mated with each another,
[1]
- a mixture of long-winged flies and vestigial-winged flies are produced
[1]
- in the ratio of 3 : 1
[1]
Parents : Long-winged X
Vestigial-
winged
Genotypes : LL X ll
Meiosis process
Gametes : All L All l
Fertilisation :
F1 Genotypes : L l
F1 phenotypes : All long-winged
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-12
Mendel’s First law :
The characteristic of an organism is determined by a pair of genes located
at the same locus of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Only one of the
pair of genes can be present in a gamete.
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
When F1 flies are allowed to mated each another
F1 Genotypes : L l X L l
Gametes : L l L l
F2 genotypes : LL L l L l ll
F2 phenotypesLong-
winged
Long-
winged
Long-
wingedVestigial-winged
Ratio 3 1
Diagram = [3]
- in this case, the gene for long-winged, L, is dominant [1]
in the production of gametes, genes from homologous chromosomes
come together [1]
and then segregate into separate gamete [1]
therefore, one gamete receive one of a pair of alleles [1]
in the F1 generation, the gametes produced receive either L or l
[1]
[max
10]
(b) A dihybrid cross between two varieties of oil palm, Dura and Pasifera, produces
a new variety, Tenera. Tenera has better quality fruits compared to Dura and
Pisifera as shown in Table 14.2.
Oil palm varietyCharacteristics of the trait
Genotype Phenotype
Dura hhFFThin husk
Thick flesh
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-13
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Pisifera HHffThick husk
Thin flesh
TeneraThick husk
Thick flesh
Table 14.2
Key :
H – represents dominant allele for thick husk
F – represents dominant allele for thick flesh
Using a schematic diagram, explain why self-crossing between the Tenera variety
does not produce offspring of the same quality as their parents.
[10 marks]
Parents : Dura X Pisifera
Genotypes : hhFF X HHff
Meiosis process
Gametes : All hF All Hf
Fertilisation :
Genotypes F1 :
F1 phenotypes :
Genotypes F1 : HhFf
Meiosis
process:
Gametes :
F2 generation
Gametes HF Hf hF hf
HF HHFF HHFf HhFF HhFf
Hf HHFf HHff HhFf Hhff
hF HhFF HhFf hhFF hhFf
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-14
[5]
[3]
HhFf
Allow F1 plants to self-pollinate
HhFf
All thick husk, thick flesh
HF Hf hF hfHF Hf hF hf
1
1
1
1
1
1
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
hf HhFf Hhff hhFf hhff
Just 9/16 x 100% = 900/16 % = 56¼ % @ = 56.25% of F2 generation that produced
have a phenotype thick husk and thick flesh the same quality as their parents. [1]
14.2 Inheritance
2. (a) Mala and Siva is a married couple with four girls. Siva always blamed his wife
because of not give birth a baby boy. As a consultant at LPPKN, please consult
these couple to understand the fact related to the sex determination of babies.
Draw a schematic diagram to explain your answer.
[10marks]
- The human females have two identical sex chromosomes called X
chromosomes. [1]
- The human males have one X chromosomes and one smaller Y
chromosomes. [1]
- The chromosomes X and Y determine the sex of individual, whether
boy or girl. [1]
- During the formation of gametes in female, the sex chromosomes
separate, all the female eggs produced contain one X chromosome. [1]
- The human male produces two types of sperm: sperm with one X
chromosome and sperm with one Y chromosome. [1]
- If the sperm with X chromosome fertilizes the ovum, the child is a
female. [1]
- If the sperm with Y chromosome fertilizes the ovum, the child is a male.
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-15
[1]
Phenotype Thick husk Thick husk Thin husk Thin husk
Thick flesh Thin flesh Thick flesh Thin flesh
Ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
1
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- There is an equal chance of mother to give birth a baby boy or a baby
girl. [1]
Diagram = [3]
(b) Dina has a problem to get a second child with the history of three times baby
stillborn. After consulted by a specialist, she found that she is facing with the
problem of Rh factor. As a specialist explain to Dina to understand her problem.
[10marks]
- The Rh factor is referring to the antigen found on the surface of some
red blood cells. [1]
- The people who have the Rh factor are said to be Rh positive and
those who not are called Rh negative. [1]
- The allele Rh+ is dominant to the allele Rh-. [1]
- In the case of a Rh- mother who become pregnant by a Rh+
heterozygous father has 0.5 probability of having a child who is Rh +.
[1]
- During her late pregnancy or during birth, some of the fetal blood cells
enter the mother’s blood. [1]
- The mother’s blood will produce anti-Rh antibodies. [1]
- The harmful effect does not show during the first pregnancy, her first
child is safe. [1]
- In the next pregnancy, the antibody level built up in the maternal blood
stream. [1]
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-16
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
- Her antibodies may cross the placenta and cause agglutination and
haemolysed of the fetal red blood cells. [1]
- The baby may be stillborn or may die within a few days after birth. [1]
14.3 Understanding Genes and Chromosomes
1. Diagram 14.9 show three different molecules which are found in the DNA.
(a) Describe the structure of the DNA. [4 marks]
- A nucleotide is formed when the three molecules, phosphate, sugar
and base are linked together. [1]
- One nucleotide joins another nucleotide through condensation
forming a dinucleotide [1]
- Many nucleotides joint together forming a long double strand
polynucleotide chain. [1]
- Sugar and phosphate molecules alternate to form the backbone of
the nucleotide chain [1]
- Base molecules project out sideways from the sugar molecules [1]
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-17
Phosphate Base Sugar
Diagram = [3]
[Max10]
DIAGRAM 14.9
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- Two polynucleotide chains twist to form a double helix structure of
DNA [1]
Max = [4]
(b)
The transfer of genes or DNA plays an important role in genetic
engineering. For instance, gene from humans can be transferred to
bacterial cells. Once inside the bacteria, these human gene control
the bacterial cells. This causes the bacteria to synthesise something
they would not normally make in nature. For example, bacteria can
produce human insulin.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering.
[6 marks]
Advantages of genetic engineering:
- Enables the mass production of various types of products
through the development of new strains of crops and
livestock. [1]
- ensures that food sources are readily available at cheaper
cost [1]
- enables the mass production of medical and pharmaceutical
products [1]
- can help solve environmental problems such as oil spills by
using genetically engineered bacteria [1]
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-18
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
Any 3 = [3]
- Disadvantages of genetic engineering:
- the introduction of foreign genes in microorganisms leads to
the creation of harmful pathogens. [1]
- New species of crops that are produced can cause the
original species to become extinct. [1]
- Genetically modified food may contain an animal gene which
may be objectionable to vegetarian. [1]
- transgenic crops can colonise and displace the natural plant
population [1]
- the side effects of eating food from genetically modified
organism are still uncertain. [1]
any 3 = [3]
(c) Describe briefly on the important of DNA fingerprinting and human genome
project to mankind. [10 marks]
- DNA fingerprinting can be used for identification purposes in solving
criminal cases [1]
- for example, DNA samples from blood , skin, hair or semen left by a
criminal at the scene of crime can be analysed. [1]
- to identify the parent of someone [1]
- to test potential organ donors for compatibility with a particular patient
[1]
- to examine the relationship among human populations [1]
- to detect human genetic diseases and cancer [1]
- to confirm the genotypes of animals and plants in agriculture [1]
max = [5]
The importance of human genome project:
- A genome is the total genetic content of any cell in an organism. It
consists of all the genes on all the chromosomes. [1]
- human genome project aims to map the position of genes on the
chromosome and determine the sequence of bases in the DNA. [1]
- Identification of defective genes and hence the opportunity to offer
early treatment. [1]
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-19
PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007
- Identification of genes which confer a susceptibility to certain diseases
and so enable individuals to take preventive measures. [1]
- Prediction of proteins that the genes produce, giving an opportunity to
design appropriate drugs to enhance or inhibit the activities of these
protein. [1]
- Discovering the function of all the genes in the human genome will
produce exciting new information. This should help us understand
more about how body works, and how to prevent and care diseases. [1]
max = [5]
BIOLOGY QUESTION BANK14-20