Ch. 13 Sec. 2

�Mass Society- majority lower classes

�Tied in with growth of cities between 1800-1900

�Cities grew due to urbanization/ jobs

�City govt’s created health boards to improve housing/public health hazards

�Modern European cities needed clean water, sewers, etc

� Rise in living, still great poverty = Rising middle class

� Wealthy elite = 5% of society, controlled 40% of wealth

� Aristocrats, industrialists, bankers, merchants

� Middle class = lawyers, doctors, scientists, etc

� Lower middle class = shopkeepers, etc.

� Middle class:

� White-collar workers

� Believed in hard work and moral conduct

� Working class = 80% of the population, artisans, laborers, etc.

� 1870: Working reforms in cities improved this class

� 1800: Women legally inferior to and economically dependent on men

�2nd Ind. Rev. opened doors for women

�Women took jobs in gov’t services, education, etc.

�# of children declined

�Role was to keep family together and create traditions

� (Def.) Movement for women’s rights

� 1800s- women’s right to own property

�Demanded equal political rights

�Before WWI only Norway and select U.S. states allowed women to vote

�Wanted access to universities

�Amalie Sieveking, Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton

� 1870-1914: state sponsored primary schools

� Boys and girls 6-12 required to attend

� Why?

� Industrialization needed skilled, knowledgeable labor

� Politics wanted to extend right to vote to a better educated public

� Increase in literacy (ability to read/write), by 1900 most adults could read

�Allowed more time, distraction from work

�Gave them new forms of technology and new experiences

�New forms were for more passive audiences

�Amusement parks

�Sports (baseball)

1. Middle- class salespeople, clerks, secretaries, etc.

A. Unskilled labor

B. Literacy

C. The family

D. Feminism

E. White-collar workers

2. Central institution of middle-class life

A. Unskilled labor

B. Literacy

C. The family

D. Feminism

E. White-collar workers

3. Movement for women’s rights

A. Unskilled labor

B. Literacy

C. The family

D. Feminism

E. White-collar workers

4. Workers without training or experience

A. Unskilled labor

B. Literacy

C. The family

D. Feminism

E. White-collar workers

5. The ability to read

A. Unskilled labor

B. Literacy

C. The family

D. Feminism

E. White-collar workers

6. Compulsory elementary education eventually created a new demand for all of the following except:

A. Teachers

B. Female colleges

C. Newspapers

D. Religious freedom

7. Public education helped make people

A. More patriotic

B. More blue-collar

C. Less nationalistic

D. More leisure oriented

8. Urban populations grew for all of the following reasons except:

A. More jobs brought people to the cities

B. Improved living conditions helped people in cities live longer

C. Public workers made urban life easier

D. The desire to return to nature

9. The new wealthy elite in Europe consisted of aristocrats and

A. The clergy

B. Industrialists, bankers, and merchants

C. Unions

D. Teachers

10. The European middle classes tended to believe in the ideals of

A. Servitude and women’s rights

B. Tradition and classicism

C. Hard work and moral conduct

D. Leisure and religion