CERN 50 th Anniversary A Photographic Timeline Miguel Angel Marquina (Editor) CIEMAT/CERN.

CERN 50th AnniversaryA Photographic Timeline

Miguel Angel Marquina (Editor)

CIEMAT/CERN

Introduction

This sampling has been built recreating the document “Highlights of CERN History”, written on the occasion of CERN’s 40th and 50th anniversaries.

Pictures and photographic material have been taken from CERN’s CDS system, which contains more than 5000 entries; all are copyrighted CERN.

Timeline Index

1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2004

During the European Cultural Conference at Lausanne, the French physicist and Nobel prize-winner Louis de Broglie proposes the creation of a European science laboratory.

1950-1959

At the 5th General Conference of UNESCO held in Florence, the American physicist and Nobel prize-winner Isidore Rabi puts forward a resolution, which is unanimously adopted, authorising the Director General of UNESCO, "to assist and encourage the formation and organization of regional centres and laboratories in order to increase and make more fruitful the international collaboration of scientists ...".

Participants of the "Colloque de Physique Theorique de Paris“

Wolfgang Pauli in Heidelberg

After two UNESCO Conferences are held on the subject, 11 European governments sign an agreement setting up a provisional "Conseil européen pour la Recherche nucléaire" (CERN). At a meeting of the CERN council in Amsterdam, a site near Geneva is selected for the planned laboratory.

Pierre Auger, Eduardo Amaldi and Lew Kowarski

The European Organization for Nuclear Research is formally created on 29th September, when sufficient ratifications of the Convention establishing CERN are obtained from Member States, thus dissolving the "provisional" CERN. The acronym CERN, however, is retained.

First excavation work on Meyrin site

PS magnet model Foundations of the SC building

Twelve founding Member States ratify the Convention: Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia.

First coil for the SC Wilson chamber of CERN

PS ring : foundations for "pendulum" supports

PS magnet unit : a small scale model

"First stone" ceremony :

authorities in the audience First meeting of the CERN

Council

Wolfgang Pauli at the 6th meeting of the Nobel Prize laureates

PS injector : high voltage ion source under tests

PS ring building under construction

The double Wilson chamber

The 600 MeV Synchro-Cyclotron comes into operation. One of the first experimental achievements is the long-awaited observation of the decay of a pion directly into an electron and a neutrino.

SC experiments : one of the first pion beams

Projector to analyze track chamber film

The Mercury computer Hydrogen bubble chamber (10 cm. diameter)

The first two magnet units installed in the PS ring

Pauli's funeral wreaths at Fraumunster church in Zurich

Austria joins CERN First operation of the 28 GeV Proton

Synchrotron (PS), which is for a time the highest energy accelerator in the world. In the same year, the first experiments using neutrino beams are carried out; this field of research eventually becomes a speciality of the physics programme at CERN.

SC experiments : liquid deuterium target in the extracted proton beam

Professor Cornelis Jan Bakker, Director-General of CERN from Sep 1955 to Apr 1960

Congratulation messages from the whole world received by CERN upon the successful operation of the PS

1960-1969

PS inauguration ceremony : Niels Bohr signing

PS inauguration ceremony : M. Willems with W. Heisenberg

Prof. Leon Van Hove Pier Giorgio Innocenti with the model of the HLBC - Heavy Liquid Bubble Chamber

Apparatus for the first "g-2" experiment at the SC

Prof. Vicky Weisskopf

Interaction of a 24 GeV/c proton in the 32 cm CERN hydrogen bubble chamber.

Yugoslavia leaves the Organization for financial reasons.

Spain joins CERN

First bubble chamber pictures of neutrino interactions are taken. Neutrino physics benefits greatly from fast ejection of protons from the Synchrotron, which is achieved for the first time ever during May this year.

End of the year celebrations : G. Charpak, J. Prentki and R. Armenteros (left to right)

Agreement with French authorities is signed in September on extending the CERN site over the French border. In December, the Council approves the construction of the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) on this extension of the site.

CERN commissions one of the world's finest facilities for the study of very short-lived nuclei - the Isotope Separator On-line (ISOLDE).

An agreement between CERN, France and Germany covers the construction of a 3.7 metre hydrogen bubble chamber equipped with the largest superconducting magnet in the world. During its working life from 1973 to 1984, the "Big European Bubble Chamber" (BEBC) takes over 6 million photographs.

Invention by Georges Charpak of multiwire proportional chambers and drift chambers - representing some of the most important advances in the domain of electronic particle detectors. He will be awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 for this invention.

Assembling the Gargamelle magnet

The great advance in the technology of particle detectors during the year was the discovery of the properties of multiwire proportional chambers and drift chambers

The official inauguration ceremony of the European Physical Society

Spain leaves the Organization

1970-1979

First injection tests into ISR Ring I

Big European Bubble Chamber BEBC

A view inside the Gargamelle bubble chamber

Approval of the proposal to build a second laboratory adjoining the existing site in France and Switzerland for the construction of a new Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) which is initially planned to reach an energy of 300 GeV. Although at first administratively separate, the two CERN laboratories are united in January 1976.

Injection line from Linac to Booster

Approval for the construction of a 300 GeV proton synchrotron

ERASME

A four ring 800 MeV Booster is completed to increase the injection energy of the PS. With the booster and the new Linac, which starts operation in 1978, the PS machine exceeds its design intensity by more than a thousand times.

First important discoveries from the experiments at the ISR emerge: protons grow in size as their energy is increased; and colliding protons can produce diffraction patterns rather like those of light bending around a disc, thus showing the wave nature of the proton.

It is with the French-built Gargamelle bubble chamber in a neutrino beam at the Proton Synchrotron (PS) that one of CERN's greatest physics discoveries is made: it is found that neutrinos can interact with another particle without changing into a muon. This behaviour is known as the "neutral current interaction" and is the discovery which opens the door to what is known as "new physics". It has great implications for the theoretical ideas about the fundamental forces of physics. In particular, it gives strong support to the theory which attempts to unite our understanding of the weak force - governing such phenomena as radioactivity - with the familiar electromagnetic force.

Spark chamber experiment The Omega spectrometer

Discovery of charmed particles : Sam Ting

The magnetic tape vault

U7 particle identifier First magnet in the SPS

Cockcroft-Walton Column

Start of operation of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). As with the ISR, machine construction is completed ahead of schedule and within the authorised budget. The accelerator performance improves rapidly so that the design intensity is exceeded and at the end of 1978, the peak energy is taken to 500 GeV.

Cockcroft-Walton generator for Linac 2

The SPS (Super Proton Synch.) tunnel with, in the foreground in red, a dipole magnet. About 800 six-metre long dipole magnets guide the beam.

SPS : inauguration ceremony

Experiments at CERN show how beam quality and intensity can be improved using the "stochastic cooling technique", enabling intense beams of antiprotons to be accelerated and stored.

Bubble chamber : a BEBC liquid hydrogen event

1980-1989

Conversion of the SPS into a proton-antiproton collider and the building of two experimental areas (UA-1 and UA-2) where data from the collisions can be taken. From then on, the operation of the SPS is divided between this collider mode and fixed-target physics.

The first proton-antiproton collisions at an energy of 2 x 270 GeV are seen in July 1981, a few months after the start-up of the new Antiproton Accumulator ring (AA), where stochastic cooling is applied to produce the antiproton beam.

The Member States authorise construction of the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) for an initial operating energy of 50 GeV per beam.

UA1 experiment detector

Spray of particles

Discovery of the W-bosons (January) and the Z-boson (May) - the carriers of the weak nuclear force - thus confirming the theory of electro-weak interactions and unifying the weak and electromagnetic forces.

In September, the ground-breaking ceremony for LEP takes place in the presence of the French and Swiss Presidents, Mr. François Mitterrand and Mr. Pierre Aubert. LEP is the largest scientific instrument ever constructed, with a circumference of 27 kilometers.

Spain rejoins CERN

LEP ground-breaking ceremony in 1983

Image reconstituée par ordinateur d'une collision proton-pbar. Parmi les produits de cette collision, on peut reconnaître les traces de la désintégration d'un "boson intermédiaire Z0" en un électron et un positon (anti-électron).

Press conference : discovery of the intermediate W boson

Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer receive the Nobel Prize for Physics for their experimental work on proton-antiproton collisions which culminated in the discovery of the W boson and Z boson at CERN in 1983.

A cut-away diagram of the OPAL detector

Carlo Rubbia (left) and Simon van der Meer in 1984

LEP sextupole magnet ALEPH experimental area : schema

CHARM II (neutrino detector) LINAC Injector for LEP (LIL)

Electron Positron Accumulator (EPA)

ALEPH magnet return yoke and hadron calorimeter

The superconducting coil of the DELPHI experiment on the final leg of its journey from the UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory to CERN, descending from the Jura mountains in October 1987

UA1 detector : decay of a W

Detector for the UA2 experiment LEP magnet : first installation

UA1 : first Z event recorded

OPAL detector end cap UA2 event

Léon Lederman, Mel Schwartz and Jack Steinberger wre awarded the 1988 Nobel Physics Prize.

View of part of the Computer Centre in 1988 with, in the background against the rear wall, a CRAY X-MP/48 supercomputer

In August, LEP starts up. In October, only two months after the first collisions in LEP, CERN makes a very important physics discovery. After an extremely accurate measurement of the width of the Z0 particle, CERN physicists announce that the fundamental building blocks of matter consist of only three families of particles. On the 13th of November, LEP is officially inaugurated by Heads of State and Science Ministers from CERN Member States and other countries involved in the CERN experimental programme.

Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web

An exploded view of the OPAL detector

L3 experiment: inside calorimeter BGO

DELPHI: installing of the time projection chamber

ALEPH hadronic calorimeter

L3 experiment LEP : inauguration ceremony

DELPHI: time projection chamber

1990-1999

The years from 1989 are marked by the success of LEP experiments. The outstanding result is the precision measurement of the Z resonance parameters: over the period from 1989 to 1993 the four LEP detectors - ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL - reconstructed more than 10 million Z decays.

The World-Wide-Web was also cooked and then exposed thanks to NCSA-Mosaic during the early 90’s

Station de test pour aimant LHC Cérémonie arrivée du dernier cristal BGO + end cap du calorimètre hadronique

OBELIX experiment and detector at LEAR

L3 detector : decay of a Z0

OPAL detector : decay Z0 ALEPH : decay of a Z0

DELPHI : decay of a Z0 The first web server: this machine was used by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 to develop and run the first WWW server, multi-media browser and web editor.

In December, CERN's Council delegates agree unanimously that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the right machine for further significant advance in the field of high energy physics research and for the future of CERN.

Finland and Poland join CERN

George Charpak, a CERN physicist, is awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for the invention of the multiwire proportional chamber, which enables physicists to make major progress in the tracking of particles and which is now used for many medical applications.

Hungary joins CERN

ISOLDE hall Three Nobel Prize winners at CERN : Rubbia, Ting and Charpak

Beam line of the ISOLDE facility inaugurated in 1992

LHC prototype of the two beam pipes

Higgs boson simulation

Czech and Slovak Republics join CERN

NOMAD et CHORUS: neutrino experiments

OPAL detector, central barrel

General view of muon spectrometer in the L3 detector with the magnet doors opened

ALEPH detector

DELPHI detector L3 detector

The IBM Cartridge mounting robot in the Computer Centre (capacity: 18,000 cartridges)

NA49 detector - general view

Charles PEYROU (former director of CERN's bubble chambers)

Charpak's detector : autoradiography of a rat brain

On December 16th the CERN Council gave the go-ahead for the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project, to be financed by the Member States with substantial contributions by non-Member States.

NA48 experiment Superconducting radio frequency cavity installed in the LEP tunnel for LEP2, the upgrade of the accelerator.

Bulgaria joins CERN

1999 – 20 member states

2000-2004

LEP ceases to operate at the end of the year to make way for the construction of the LHC, having achieved its aim of placing the “Standard Model: on firm experimental ground.

ALEPH experiment: Candidate of Higgs boson production

titulo

LEP Fest 2000 - Science Symposium : L. Schopper "LEP in perspective", The inception of LEP

LEP Fest 2000 - Science Symposium : J. Steinberger "LEP experiments", ALEPH

LEP Fest 2000 - Science Symposium : U. Amaldi "LEP experiments", DELPHI

LEP Fest 2000 - Science Symposium : U. Becker "LEP experiments", L3

LEP Fest 2000 - Science Symposium : A. Michelini "LEP experiments", OPAL

Démantèlement du LEP Enlèvement du dernier module supraconducteur

The beginning of L3 experiment dismantling

Collision in ATHENA experiment: an actual antihydrogen atom annihilation event

titulo

The dipole magnets for the first octant of the LHC are completed.

Transport from Spain to CERN of a vacuum vessel for the ATLAS barrel toroid magnet-system.

World Summit on the Information Society

The human face of the DataGrid collaboration!

The new computer room build in the building 513

Globe de l'Innovation - Assemblage de la charpentage et et pose des premiers bardages

CERN 50 th Anniversary A Photographic Timeline Miguel Angel Marquina (Editor) CIEMAT/CERN.

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