Post on 18-Jan-2016
Cellular Respiration
There are 69 slides in this presentation.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation2
Instructions
Some of the slide navigation functions require full screen mode. If you are using Internet Explorer, select “Browse” or “View” from the menu above, then select “Full Screen”.
Powerpoint users can use the arrow keys ( or ) to advance the slides or go backwards. The left mouse button also advances slides. You can click anywhere on the screen.
Internet Explorer Users can click the slide name at the left side of the screen or use the arrow buttons at the bottom of the screen on either side of the slide counter.
A menu appears at the bottom of most of the slides. You can use this to go to the topics shown. You can also move quickly to different slides by typing in the slide number, then pressing the enter key. The slide number is at the bottom left of most slides.
Press “Esc” to end the program.
Review: Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidized atomElectron is donatedEnergy is donated
Reduced atomElectron is receivedEnergy is received
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Review: Oxidation and Reduction
Reduced atomElectron is receivedEnergy is received
This atom served as an energy carrier. It picked up an electron from the atom on the left and gave it to the one on the right.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Oxidized atomElectron is donatedEnergy is donated
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation5
Review: Photosynthesis
The goal of photosynthesis is to produce glucose (C6H12O6).
Photosynthesis is necessary because glucose is needed for energy. The energy required to synthesize (make) glucose comes from light. Light does not have
mass (weight); the materials needed to synthesize glucose come from CO2 and H2O.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation6
Review: Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
During photosynthesis, six CO2 molecules will be bonded together to form glucose.
Will be reduced
Will be oxidized
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation7
Review: Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
The CO2 molecules will be reduced with electrons (hydrogen atoms) from water.
Will be reduced
Will be oxidized
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation8
Review: Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
The energy needed to reduce CO2 to glucose comes from sunlight.
Will be reduced
Will be oxidized
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation9
Why celluar respiration?
Cells carry out the reactions of cellular respiration in order to produce ATP. ATP is used by the cells for energy.
All organisms need energy, therefore all organisms carry out cellular respiration. The energy needed to produce ATP comes from glucose. As we saw in the previous
slides, glucose is produced by photosynthesis. The equation for cellular respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Notice that it is the reverse of the equation for photosynthesis.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation10
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Cellular Respiration
During cellular respiration, the electrons (hydrogen atoms) in glucose will be removed is a number of steps
Will be reduced
Will be oxidized
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation11
Will be reduced
Will be oxidized
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Cellular Respiration
The electrons (hydrogen atoms) in glucose will be passed to oxygen to form water.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation12
Will be reduced
Will be oxidized
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Cellular RespirationDuring this process, ATP will be produced.
The electrons (hydrogen atoms) in glucose will be passed to oxygen to form water.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation13
C6 etc.
In the slides that follow, the designations listed below will be used.
» C6 = a molecule that contains six-carbon atoms (example: Glucose)
» C5 = a five-carbon molecule
» C4 = a four-carbon molecule
» C3 = a three-carbon molecule
» C2 = a two-carbon molecule
» C1 = a one-carbon molecule (example: CO2)
Each of these (C6, C5, etc.) also have hydrogen and oxygen atoms but these will be ignored.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation14
Overview of Cellular Respiration
(Next Slide)
Glycolysis
The first step is called glycolysis. It occurs in the cytosol.
During glycolysis, a glucose molecule (6 carbons) is converted to two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each).
It does not require oxygen (it is anaerobic).
A total of 2 ATP are gained as a result of these reactions.
Details of these reactions will be discussed later.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion.
It requires oxygen (it is aerobic).
It produces an additional 34 ATP.
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
Oxyge
n
Aerobic respiration
2 ATP
34 moreATP
Fermentation
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
No oxygenOxyge
n
Aerobic respiration
Alcohol + CO2
(yeast, plants)Lactate
(animals)
Fermentation
2 ATP
34 moreATP
0 ATP
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Fermentation occurs if there is no oxygen present.
It does not produce additional ATP.
Fermentation
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
No oxygenOxyge
n
Aerobic respiration
Alcohol + CO2
(yeast, plants)Lactate
(animals)
Fermentation
2 ATP
34 moreATP
0 ATP
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
The waste products of fermentation are alcohol or lactate.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation19
Glycolysis
(Next Slide)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation20
Glycolysis - Details
glucose (C6)
2C3 Glycolysis consists of a number of different reactions that produce 2 pyruvate molecules from one glucose molecule.
2 pyruvate (C3)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation21
Glycolysis - Details
Several different 3-carbon compounds are produced during the reactions. The designation “C3” is used here to represent all of them. Be aware that in addition to carbon, these compounds also contain oxygen and hydrogen.
glucose (C6)
2C3
2 pyruvate (C3)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation22
Glycolysis
glucose (C6)
2C3
2 ATP
2 ADPTwo ATP are consumed during glycolysis.
P-C6-P This results in a 6-carbon compound that has 2 phosphate groups.
2 pyruvate (C3)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation23
Glycolysis
glucose (C6)
2 ATP
2 ADPP-C6-P
The 6-carbon compound is split into two 3-carbon compounds. Each of these 3-carbon compounds has one phosphate group.
2 C3-P
2 pyruvate (C3)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation24
Glycolysis
Click here to review NAD+
NAD+ picks up two electrons to become NADH.
2 NAD+
2 NADH
glucose (C6)
2 ATP
2 ADPP-C6-P
2 C3-P
2 pyruvate (C3)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation25
Glycolysis
The goal of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. NADH contains energy that can be used to produce ATP. This will be discussed later.
2 NAD+
2 NADH
glucose (C6)
2 ATP
2 ADPP-C6-P
2 C3-P
2 pyruvate (C3)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation26
Glycolysis
Additional phosphorylation also occurs, producing 3-carbon compounds that have 2 phosphate groups each.
2 NAD+
2 NADH
glucose (C6)
2 ATP
2 ADPP-C6-P
2 C3-P
2 P-C3-P
2 pyruvate (C3)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation27
Glycolysis
Click here to reviewsubstrate-level phosphorylation
2 ADP
2 ATP 2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ADP
2 ATPFour ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
2 NAD+
2 NADH
glucose (C6)
2 ATP
2 ADPP-C6-P
2 C3-P
2 P-C3-P
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation28
Glycolysis
2 ATP are consumed and 4 are produced. The net result is 2 ATP produced in glycolysis
2 ADP
2 ATP 2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
glucose (C6)
2 ATP
2 ADPP-C6-P
2 C3-P
2 P-C3-P
Summary of Glycolysis
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ATP
4 ATP produced
- 2 ATP consumed
2 ATP net
2 NADH are also produced
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
glucose (C6)
2C3
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 pyruvate (C3)
Summary - Glycolysis
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
This diagram summarizes glycolysis. As the discussion of cellular respiration proceeds, we will add to this diagram.
GlycolysisGlycolysisglucose (C6)
2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 C3
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation31
Step 2: The Formation of Acetyl CoA
(Next Slide)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation32
Formation of Acetyl CoA
During this step, the pyruvate that was produced by glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA by the removal of CO2. Pyruvate is a C3, acetyl CoA is a C2.
(C3H3O3) (C2H3O – S – CoA)
2 pyruvate(C3)
2 acetyl CoA(C2)
Coenzyme A2 CO2
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation33
Formation of Acetyl CoA
Two NAD+ molecules pick up two electrons each to become NADH.
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 pyruvate(C3)
2 acetyl CoA(C2)
Coenzyme A2 CO2
Summary – Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
This diagram summarizes glycolysis and the formation of acetyl CoA.
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Formation ofFormation ofAcetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
2 acetyl groups (C2)
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 CO2
glucose (C6)
2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 C3
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation35
Two Acetyl CoA Molecules
Each glucose molecule that initially began cellular respiration produce two acetyl CoA molecules (previous slide). The two acetyl CoA molecules will now enter the Krebs cycle.
The next several slides show the reactions that occur to one molecule of Acetyl CoA. Remember that the reactions must be repeated two times because there are two molecules of acetyl CoA for each glucose molecule that began cellular respiration.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation36
Krebs Cycle
(Next Slide)
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation37
Cyclic Metabolic Pathways
The Krebs Cycle is a cyclic pathway.
Click here to reviewcyclic pathways
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation38
Krebs Cycle
The acetyl portion of acetyl CoA becomes bonded to a C4 molecule to produce a C6 molecule.
(C6H5O7)
Coenzyme A
C4
C6
C2 (acetyl CoA)
The above diagram is represented by the equation below:Acetyl CoA + C4 C6 + Coenzyme A
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation39
Krebs Cycle
A CO2 is removed from the C6 molecule to produce a C5 molecule.
C4
C6
C2 (acetyl CoA)
C5
NADH
CO2
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation40
Krebs Cycle
C4
C6
C2 (acetyl CoA)
C5
NADH
CO2
CO2 has only one carbon (C1). The oxygen in CO2 came from the C6 molecule.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation41
Krebs Cycle
NADH is also produced from NAD+.
C4
C6
C2 (acetyl CoA)
C5
NADH
CO2
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation42
C4
C6
C2 (acetyl CoA)
C5
NADH
NADHATPFADH2
NADH
CO2
CO2
Krebs Cycle
Another CO2 is then released.
Two more NADH, one FADH2, and one ATP are produced.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation43
Krebs Cycle
The ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
C4
C6
C2 (acetyl CoA)
C5
NADH
NADHATPFADH2
NADH
CO2
CO2
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation44
Summary of the Krebs Cycle
Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
The two carbon atoms are released in the form of CO2.
C4
C6
C2
C5
NADH
NADHATPFADH2
NADH
CO2
CO2
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation45
Summary of the Krebs Cycle
Three NADH, one FADH2 and one ATP are produced for each acetyl group.
C4
C6
C2 (acetyl CoA)
C5
NADH
NADHATPFADH2
NADH
CO2
CO2
Summary – Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA, Kreb’s Cycle
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
2 C4
2 C6
2 C2 (acetyl CoA)
2 C5
2 NADH
2 NADH2 ATP
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 CO2
2 CO2
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Formation ofFormation ofAcetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
2 acetyl groups (C2)
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 CO2
glucose (C6)
2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 C3
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation47
Electron Transport System
NADH and FADH2 produced during these reactions can be used to produce ATP.
The production of ATP using NADH and FADH2 involves the electron transport system, a system of proteins located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation48
Mitochondrion Structure
Cristae Matrix
Intermembrane Space
This drawing shows a mitochondrion cut lengthwise to reveal its internal components.
Mitochondrion - 1
inside
outside
intermembranespace
These red dots represent proteins in the electron transport system
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion - 2
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
NADHNADH and FADH2 from cellular respiration bring electrons to the electron transport system.
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion - 3
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
When a carrier is reduced, some of the energy that is gained as a result of that reduction is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane into the intermembrane space.
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion - 4
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
The electron is then passed to another carrier.
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion - 5
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
As before, some of the energy gained by the next carrier as a result of reduction is used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion -6
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion -7
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion -8
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
Eventually, a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions is established in the intermembrane space (green on the diagram).
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion -9
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
The last carrier must get rid of the electron. It passes it to oxygen to form water (next slide).
e-
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion -10
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 H2O
Note that e- + H+ H
Two electrons are required to form one molecule of water. The process therefore happens twice for each water molecule.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Mitochondrion -11
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
ATP synthase produces ATP by phosphorylating ADP. The energy comes from hydrogen ions forcing their way into the matrix as they pass through the ATP synthase (due to osmotic pressure).
ATP
ADP + Pi
H+
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Summary of Oxidative Phosphorylation
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
NADH
H+ H+H+
2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 H2O
ADP + Pi
H+ATP
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Summary – Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
electrontransport
32 ATP1/2 O2
H2O
10 NAD+2 FAD
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
2 C4
2 C6
2 C2 (acetyl CoA)
2 C5
2 NADH
2 NADH2 ATP
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 CO2
2 CO2
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Formation ofFormation ofAcetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
2 acetyl groups (C2)
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 CO2
glucose (C6)
2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 C3
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation62
Summary of Cellular Respiration
As you review these slides, refer to your notes booklet.
(Next Slide)
Summary of Cellular Respiration
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
CCCCCC
CCC
CCC
glucose Glycolysis2 pyruvate
2 ATP2 NADH
Summary
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
CCCCCC
CCC
CCC
glucose Glycolysis2 pyruvate
2 ATP2 NADH
CO2
CC
CC
CO2
Acetyl CoA2 acetyl CoA
2CO2
2NADH
CCCCCC
CCC
CCC
glucose Glycolysis2 pyruvate
2 ATP2 NADH
CO2
CC
CC
CO2
Acetyl CoA2 acetyl CoA
2CO2
2NADH
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Krebs Cycle4 CO2
2 ATP6 NADH2 FADH2
Summary
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation66
ATP Yield per Glucose
Pathway Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Total ATP
Glycolysis 2 2 NADH (= 4 ATP) 6
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. NADH produced in the cytoplasm must be brought into the mitochondrion before ATP is produced. Each NADH produced in glycolysis results in 2 ATP.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation67
ATP Yield per Glucose
Pathway Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Total ATP
Glycolysis 2 2 NADH (= 4 ATP) 6
Formation of Acetyl CoA
0 2 NADH (= 6 ATP) 6
Acetyl CoA is formed in the mitochondrion. Because the NADH produced is already in the mitochondrion, each NADH results in the production of 3 ATP.
These NADH result in the production of 2 ATP each because they are produced outside the mitochondrion and must be transported in.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation68
ATP Yield per Glucose
Pathway Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Total ATP
Glycolysis 2 2 NADH (= 4 ATP) 6
Formation of Acetyl CoA
0 2 NADH (= 6 ATP) 6
Krebs Cycle 2 6 NADH (= 18 ATP)
2 FADH2 (= 4 ATP)
24
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation69
ATP Yield per Glucose
Pathway Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Total ATP
Glycolysis 2 2 NADH (= 4 ATP) 6
Formation of Acetyl CoA
0 2 NADH (= 6 ATP) 6
Krebs Cycle 2 6 NADH (= 18 ATP)
2 FADH2 (= 4 ATP)
24
Total 4 32 36
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation70
Fermentation
(Next Slide)
Fermentation
Fermentation does not involve the formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs Cycle, or oxidative phosphorylation.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
electrontransport
32 ATP1/2 O2
H2O
10 NAD+2 FAD
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
2 C4
2 C6
2 C2 (acetyl CoA)
2 C5
2 NADH
2 NADH2 ATP
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 CO2
2 CO2
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Formation ofFormation ofAcetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
2 acetyl groups (C2)
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 CO2
glucose (C6)
2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 C3
Fermentation
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation
Fermentation includes glycolysis plus several additional steps.
Glycolysisglucose (C6)
2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
2 C3
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation73
Fermentation Glycolysis requires a supply of NAD+.
NADH must reduce (donate its electrons) to another molecule in order to regenerate NAD+.
Otherwise, all of the NAD+ will be used up as it is converted to NADH and glycolysis will stop.
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation74
Fermentation
glucose
pyruvate
lactateor
alcohol
(animals, bacteria)
(plants, fungi)
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
NADH gives its electron to pyruvate, which is reduced to form either lactate or alcohol.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation75
The End
Press “Esc” to exit full-screen mode.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Enzyme
High-energy molecule ADP
Phosphate groups
Continued on next slide
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Continued on next slide
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Low-energy molecule ATP
Return
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation79
Click Here to Return
Return
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
OrganicMolecule
+ NAD+ NAD+
NAD+ + 2H NADH + H+
NAD+ functions in cellular respiration by carrying two electrons. With two electrons, it becomes NADH.
NAD+ oxidizes its substrate by removing two hydrogen atoms. One of the hydrogen atoms bonds to the NAD+. The electron from the other hydrogen atom remains with the NADH molecule but the proton (H+) is released.
NAD+ + 2H NADH + H+
NADH then donate the two electrons (one of them is a hydrogen atom) to another molecule.
Continued on next slide
+Organic
Molecule +
Review: NAD+ + 2H NADH + H+
NADH + H+
NAD+
Energy+
2H
Energy+
2H
Return
NAD+ is an electron carrier.
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation82
Click Here to Return
Return
Review: A Cyclic Metabolic Pathway
B
C
D
F
A
E
A + F B
B C D
D F + E
Return
Instructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | Fermentation84
Return
Click here to return