Post on 04-Apr-2018
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CELL STRUCTURECytology is the study of cells.
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Discovery of Cells
1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells
while looking at a thin slice of cork.
He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb
He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi
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Anton van Leuwenhoek
1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum
& discovered single-celled organisms
He called them animalcules
He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs,
and humans Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as
well as plants
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THE CELL THEORY
All organisms are made of one or more cells and
the products of those cells.
The cell is the basic unit of function of all livingthings. All life activities are carried on by cells.
New cells arise only from other living cells by a
process of cell division.
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Cell Organelles
Some Relationships
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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Participate in energy transformations involving ATP
Have DNA, making them capable of reproducing themselves
Have ribosomes
Believed to have once been independent cells according to the
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
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ENDOSYMBIOTIC HYPOTHESIS
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/nonmajorsbiology/organelles.html7/30/2019 Cell.structure.bio 2
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Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Basal Bodies
All involved in motion of some kind
All are made of microtubules
Centrioles aid in movement of chromosomes.
Basal bodies create cilia and flagella.
Cilia and flagella propel certain types of cells.
Cilia can also be used to clean respiratory tracts.
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Centrioles, Basal Bodies, Mitochondria,
Chloroplasts
All have their own DNA
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Nucleus, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Endosomes
The nucleus contains DNA. DNA directssynthesis of RNA, which travels to the
ribosomes to aid in the manufacture of
proteins. Some of these proteins are enzymeswhich are packaged by Golgi into lysosomes.
lysosomes hook up to endosomes (food
vacuoles, which are formed after phagocytosisof food particles. The food is digested within
the food vacuole by enzymes from the lysosome.
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Other Cellular Transport Mechanisms
Facilitated DiffusionUses a channel protein to aid in thetransport of substance along/with the concentration gradient. It isa form of passive transport like diffusion an osmosis since it doesnot require energy.
Active TransportUses energy and a pump protein to transport
substances against their concentration gradient.
Endocytosisprocesses which take substances into cell
Phagocytosis ( cell eating )the engulfing of solidparticles
Pinocytosis ( cell drinking )the engulfing of water anddissolved substances
Exocytosisprocess which takes substances out of the cell
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Diffusionthe movement of a substance from a region where it ismore concentrated to a region where is less concentrated.
Osmosisthe diffusion of water through a selectively permeablemembrane from a region where it is more concentrated to aregion where it is less concentrated.
Aselectively permeable membraneis one which allows certainsubstances to pass and not others (also called differentiallypermeable or semipermeable).
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CELLULAR TRANSPORT ANIMATIONS
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/transport2.html