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Cell Structure and function
Eukaryotic Cell StructureWhat are the major cell structures?
What are their functions?
www.cellsalive.com www.learngenetics.utah (cell link).
Reinforce your knowledge of organelles by playing the games and completing the activities at the websites posted
In the human body, organs perform specialized jobs. For example, the heart transports blood. In cells, tiny ___________ carry out specialized jobs.
tissues
Org
an syste
ms
organ
elles
Org
an syste
ms
0% 0%0%0%
1. tissues2. Organ systems3. organelles4. Organ systems
20
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Make
lipids
Make
proteins
Control th
e ce...
Make
energy
16%
74%
11%0%
1. Make lipids2. Make proteins3. Control the cell 4. Make energy
What is the function of ribosomeS?
Make
lipids
Make
proteins
Control th
e ce...
Package an
d tr...
0%
16%
0%
84%1. Make lipids2. Make proteins3. Control the cell4. Package and
transport materials
Which of the following organelles are found only in plant cells?
Mito
chondria
Chloroplast
Golgi a
pparatu
...
Lyso
somes
0% 0%0%
100%1. Mitochondria2. Chloroplast3. Golgi apparatus4. Lysosomes
Which of the following cells do not have nuclei?
Plant
Animal
Eukaryote
Prokaryo
te
5%
60%
30%
5%
1. Plant 2. Animal3. Eukaryote4. Prokaryote
Where is dna located in a eukaryotic cell?
Mito
chondria
Nucle
us
Cytoplasm
Golgi A
pparatu
...
0%
25%
5%
70%1. Mitochondria2. Nucleus3. Cytoplasm4. Golgi Apparatus
All cells have
Nucle
us
Endoplasm
ic re
...
Cell Wall
Cell Membra
ne
5%
70%
15%10%
1. Nucleus2. Endoplasmic
reticulum3. Cell Wall4. Cell Membrane
How well do you know the organelles and their functions?
A. I can recall all of the organelles, their functions, where they are in the cell and how they work together.
B. I can recall all of the organelles but am unclear on how some of them work.
C. I remember the names of many organelles but don’t know their functions.
D. I only remember a few organelles.
Enter a
nswer t
ext...
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nswer t
ext...
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nswer t
ext...
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nswer t
ext...
25% 25%25%25%
Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Both
•No nucleus
•Smaller and simpler cells
•No membrane bound organelles
•Most primitive form of life on Earth
Example: bacteria
•Nucleus
•Larger and more complex cells
•Have membrane bound organelles
Examples:•Plants•Animals•Fungi•Protists – single celled (unicellular) organisms
•Living things
•DNA
•Ribosomes
•Cytoplasm
•Cell membrane
Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
List four things that are different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Put these differences in order from most important to least important.
What is a membrane bound structure that contains genetic material and controls many of
the cell’s activities?
1 2 3 4
0%
16%
76%
8%
1. Prokaryote2. Eukaryote3. Nucleus4. Cell membrane
Which of the following cells do not contain a
nucleus?
1 2 3
0%
84%
16%
1. Animal cell2. Plant cell3. Bacterial cell
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
1 2 3 4
4%0%
16%
80%1. have a nucleus2. have DNA3. have membrane
bound organelles
4. are the same size
True or false? Eukaryotes are cells that do not have
a nucleus.
1 2
100%
0%
1. True2. False
Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)?
bacteria
protists
Fungi li
ke yeasts &
molds
Mush
room-b
earing f
ungi
Plants lik
e trees
Animals
like brin
e shrim
...
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
1. bacteria2. protists3. Fungi like yeasts &
molds4. Mushroom-bearing
fungi5. Plants like trees6. Animals like brine
shrimp or small insects
How well do you know the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A. I can recall and explain all of
the major differences and similarities.
B. I can list all of the major differences and similarities.
C. I only know a few major differences or similarities.
D. I don’t remember the differences between these two types of cells.
Enter a
nswer t
ext...
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nswer t
ext...
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nswer t
ext...
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nswer t
ext...
25% 25%25%25%
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, including nuclei, in their cells. Eukaryote cells contain
membrane bound organelles in the cellsProkaryote eukaryoteNaked DNA DNA in membrane bound nucleusRibosomes ribosomesCytoplasm cytoplasm (cytosol)Cytoskeleton cytoskeletonPlasma membrane plasma membraneCell wall (some) Cell wall (some protists, all plants, & fungi)Flagella & cilia (some) flagella & cilia (some)
All: golgi, smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes or peroxisomes, mitochondria some: chloroplasts
Animals and plants are always multicellular with specialized (they look different & function differently) cells. Most protists are unicellular organisms, although some are colonial (cells are clumped together but do not depend on each other or do specialized jobs)
Cells in a leaf cells in gut Yeasts, molds (fungi) mushroom protists
Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)?
bacteria
protists
Fungi li
ke yeasts &
molds
Mush
room-b
earing f
ungi
Plants lik
e trees
Animals
like brin
e shrim
...
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
1. bacteria2. protists3. Fungi like yeasts &
molds4. Mushroom-bearing
fungi5. Plants like trees6. Animals like brine
shrimp or small insects
10
Note these drawings of animal and plant cells. Which does NOT have a cell wall outside it’s plasma membrane? Fungi also have cell walls; so do some protists and some bacteria. Cells walls are made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in eubacteria. Cell walls extra support & extra protection for cells.
Cell walls protect cells from bursting and provide them support against pressure (so they don’t get crushed). Which kingdom (the only one) NEVER has cell walls?
Animal
Archaebacte
ria
Eubac
teria
Fungi
Protists
plants
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
1. Animal2. Archaebacteria3. Eubacteria4. Fungi5. Protists6. plants
The job of a cell wall is to:
Prote
ct and pro
vide sup...
Allow ce
lls to
photosy
nt...
Surro
und the cy
toplasm
33% 33%33%
1. Protect and provide support
2. Allow cells to photosynthesize
3. Surround the cytoplasm
Cell walls in plants are made out of?
chitin
cellu
lose
Phospholip
id bilayers
Peptidoglycan
proteins
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. chitin2. cellulose3. Phospholipid
bilayers4. Peptidoglycan5. proteins
Which structure is found in (specific to)a plant cell,but not an animal cell.
Chloroplasts
lyso
somes
mito
chondria
Rough endoplasm
ic re
ti...
Smooth
ER (SER)
Cell wall
s
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
1. Chloroplasts2. lysosomes3. mitochondria4. Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)5. Smooth ER (SER)6. Cell walls
20
Which is the organelle that holds thecells DNA (its genome) and is the control center of the cell?
centri
ole
mito
chondria
nucleolus
Nucle
us
cyto
plasm
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. centriole2. mitochondria3. nucleolus4. Nucleus5. cytoplasm
20
What molecules inside the nucleus allow it to serve as the cell’s control center?
DNA
carb
ohydrate
s
proteins
Lipids
RNA
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. DNA2. carbohydrates3. proteins4. Lipids5. RNA
20
When DNA in the nucleus is only visible as grains or tangled strands, it is called:
chro
mosomes
chro
matin
nucleolus
Nucle
ar pore
s
25% 25%25%25%
1. chromosomes2. chromatin3. nucleolus4. Nuclear pores
20
When DNA is wrapped around _________called histones, it is called chromatin. When chromatin is packed tightly enough to be visible, it is called a chromosome.
carb
ohydrate
s lip
ids
proteins
Nucle
ic acid
s
0% 0%0%0%
1. carbohydrates2. lipids3. proteins4. Nucleic acids
20
When you view eukaryotic cells vialight microscopy, you see a small dark, denseregion inside the nucleus. It is called the:
riboso
me
nucleolus
nucleoplas
m
Nucle
ar membra
ne
Nucle
ar pore
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. ribosome2. nucleolus3. nucleoplasm4. Nuclear
membrane5. Nuclear pore
20
These organelles are assembled in nucleoli.
golgi
riboso
mes
vacu
oles
lyso
somes
0% 0%0%0%
1. golgi2. ribosomes3. vacuoles4. lysosomes
15
The nuclear envelope is made of a double layer of ___________ surrounding the nucleus.
proteins
Nucle
ic acid
s
carb
ohydrate
s
phospholip
ids
0% 0%0%0%
1. proteins2. Nucleic acids3. carbohydrates4. phospholipids
20
The structure composed of a networkof protein filaments whose job is supporting the cell’s shape, allowing cell movement, &moving organelles inside the cell is the:
Cell membra
ne
Cell wall
Cytosk
eleton
Cilium, fl
agellum
0% 0%0%0%1. Cell membrane2. Cell wall3. Cytoskeleton4. Cilium, flagellum
20
Match the cytoskeletal protein filamentsto their correct functions:
Micr
otubules,
...
Actin m
icrofil...
Micr
otubules,
...
33% 33%33%
1. Microtubules, form flagella, cilia & centrioles, while actin microfilaments allow cells to change shape like during cytokinesis or amoeba’s extending pseudopodia
2. Actin microfilaments, form flagella, cilia & centrioles
3. Microtubules, attach to cell membranes to allow cells to move with pseudopodia (false feet)
20
What is the difference between Roughendoplasmic reticulum (RER) and SER?
SER is
used to
transp
ort...
RER is
used to
transp
ort...
SER is
a tu
be made of c
e..
Ribosomes a
ttached to
R..
0% 0%0%0%
1. SER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell
2. RER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell
3. SER is a tube made of cell membrane
4. Ribosomes attached to RER inject proteins into it, then enzymes modify the proteins.
30
Which is true of peroxisomes & lysosomes?
Contain enzy
mes to m
ake...
Break down & re
cycle
ol...
Modify
prote
ins
Store
genetic i
nform
ation
0% 0%0%0%
1. Contain enzymes to make lipids
2. Break down & recycle old cell structures & contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids, carbohydrates & proteins
3. Modify proteins4. Store genetic
information
30
Ribosomes
Use
light e
nergy to
mak...
Attach ca
rbohydra
te &
l...
Make
ATP to
allow ce
lls ..
Are m
embrane tu
be s ...
Are m
embrane sa
cs use
d...
Synth
esize pro
teins foll..
.
Are m
embrane sa
cs fille
...
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking
them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to
break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): 0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking
them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tubes whose enzymes construct components
of membranes (SER) or modify proteins (RER)5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled w/ digestive enzymes used to
break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30
Golgi apparatus:
Use
light e
nergy to
mak...
Attach ca
rbohydra
te &
l...
Make
ATP to
allow ce
lls ..
Are m
embrane tu
be s ...
Are m
embrane sa
cs use
d...
Synth
esize pro
teins foll..
.
Are m
embrane sa
cs fille
...
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--
marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used
to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30
Lysosomes:
Use
light e
nergy to
mak...
Attach ca
rbohydra
te &
l...
Make
ATP to
allow ce
lls ..
Are m
embrane tu
be s ...
Are m
embrane sa
cs use
d...
Synth
esize pro
teins foll..
.
Are m
embrane sa
cs fille
...
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking
them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to
break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30
Vacuoles:
Use
light e
nergy to
mak...
Attach ca
rbohydra
te &
l...
Make
ATP to
allow ce
lls ..
Are m
embrane tu
be s ...
Are m
embrane sa
cs use
d...
Synth
esize pro
teins foll..
.
Are m
embrane sa
cs fille
...
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking
them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to
break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30
Chloroplasts:
Use
light e
nergy to
mak...
Attach ca
rbohydra
te &
l...
Make
ATP to
allow ce
lls ..
Are m
embrane tu
be s ...
Are m
embrane sa
cs use
d...
Synth
esize pro
teins foll..
.
Are m
embrane sa
cs fille
...
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking
them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to
break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
30
Mitochondria:
Use
light e
nergy to
mak...
Attach ca
rbohydra
te &
l...
Make
ATP to
allow ce
lls ..
Are m
embrane tu
be s ...
Are m
embrane sa
cs use
d...
Synth
esize pro
teins foll..
.
Are m
embrane sa
cs fille
...
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--
marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.
3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct
components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used
to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.
20
What cells contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis?
autotro
phic bacte
ria
Plants & plant li
ke protists
Animals
& anim
al like pr..
.
Fungi &
fungal li
ke protists
25% 25%25%25%
1. autotrophic bacteria
2. Plants & plant like protists
3. Animals & animal like protists
4. Fungi & fungal like protists
20
True or False. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are surrounded by a singlecell membrane.
true
false
0%0%
1. true2. false
15
What two organelles contain theirown genetic information in the form of smallcircular DNA molecules called plasmids?
Golgi, n
ucleoi
Mito
chondria
, chloro
plasts
RER, S
ER
Centrioles,
flagella
0% 0%0%0%
1. Golgi, nucleoi2. Mitochondria,
chloroplasts3. RER, SER4. Centrioles,
flagella
15
Endosymbiotic theory states thatthe ___________ & ___________ likely arose through evolution of ancient prokaryotes thatescaped digestion after being eatenby ancient animal-like bacteria.
Nucle
i & nucle
oli
RER, S
ER
Flage
lla, c
ilia
Chloroplasts
, mito
chondria
0% 0%0%0%1. Nuclei & nucleoli2. RER, SER3. Flagella, cilia4. Chloroplasts,
mitochondria
30
Cells are like factories
Cytoskeleton—supports structure & provides ramps for moving material like steel beams
Nucleus—control center due to the DNA—the main officeRibosome—makes proteins using blueprints from DNA
(like a machine in a factory)Golgi/ER—modify proteins, like a customization shopChloroplasts—provide energy from sun, a solar power plant
Mitochondria—provide energy cell uses directly by breaking down glucose (like an oil burning furnace)
If you order an automobile with special paint, it’s added in the factory’scustomization department. What cell organelles serve this customizationfunction for proteins?
Nucle
us, nucle
olus
Mito
chondria
, vac
uoles
RER, g
olgi
0% 0%0%
1. Nucleus, nucleolus2. Mitochondria,
vacuoles3. RER, golgi
20
find organelles in plant and animal cells with these diagrams
Why do plants contain a large central vacuole that can fill with water?
To sto
re w
ater f
or use
...
To support
the w
eight of..
.
Both 1 &
3
0% 0%0%
1. To store water for use when the soil is dry
2. To support the weight of the plant (turgor pressure)
3. Both 1 & 3
20
What cell organelles store materials like water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts?
vacu
oles
vesic
les go
lgi
mito
chondria
0% 0%0%0%
1. vacuoles2. vesicles3. golgi4. mitochondria
20
In the animal-like protist, Paramecium,which organelle pumps out excess water to prevent the cell from bursting?
Cell wall
Central v
acuole
Contracti
le vacuole
0% 0%0%
1. Cell wall2. Central
vacuole3. Contractile
vacuole
20
What type of molecule, in addition to ribosomal proteins, makes up a ribosome?
DNA
rRNA
lipid
Carbohydrate
stero
id
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. DNA2. rRNA3. lipid4. Carbohydrate5. steroid
20
What is the job of a mitochondrian?
Convert lig
ht energy t
o...
Store
carb
ohydrat
es
Break down & re
cycle
w...
Convert ch
emical e
nergy...
0% 0%0%0%
1. Convert light energy to chemical energy
2. Store carbohydrates3. Break down & recycle
wastes4. Convert chemical
energy in food to chemical energy in a form useable by cells, ATP
20
Which cells contain mitochondria?
Prokaryo
tic cells
Animal c
ells
Plant cells
Fungal c
ells
Protist
cells
Cells in
all eukaryotic .
..
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Prokaryotic cells
2. Animal cells3. Plant cells4. Fungal cells5. Protist cells6. Cells in all
eukaryotic kingdoms
20
What cells contain chloroplasts?
Photosyn
thetic b
acte
ria
Plants & plant li
ke protists
Animals
& anim
al like pr..
.
Fungi &
fungal li
ke protists
0% 0%0%0%
1. Photosynthetic bacteria
2. Plants & plant like protists
3. Animals & animal like protists
4. Fungi & fungal like protists
20
True or false. Cells that are involved in detoxification have lots of SER because this network of tubes contains
the enzymes used to degrade toxins.
True (e.g., in the liver)
True or false: cells making large amounts of proteins (like
hormones) for export would have large amounts or RER and golgi.
True.This targets the molecules in transport vesicles
to the membrane for exocytosis.
Which organelles are really extensions of the cytoskeleton
(made of microtubules) that slide via action of motor proteins and
allow cells to move?
Cilia—smaller—usually present in high numbersFlagella—longer—usually present alone or in
pairs.
Peroxisomes are organelles that contain hydrogen peroxide. This strong oxidizing agent
breaks up materials for cell defense (like ingested bacteria or viruses). The enzyme
peroxidase (catalase) in the cytoplasm of cells with peroxisomes serves to neutralize any
peroxide that escapes.