Cell Growth & Division. Limits to Cell Growth DNA “Overload”: if a cell gets to big, DNA cannot...

Cell Growth & Division

Limits to Cell Growth

• DNA “Overload”: if a cell gets to big, DNA cannot serve the increasing needs of the growing cell.

• Exchanging Material: If a cell gets to big, food, oxygen, water, cannot get in quick enough and wastes cannot get out quick enough.

• Ratio of Surface Area to Volume: Volume increases much more rapidly than surface area

Cell Size

Surface Area (length x width x 6)

Volume (length x width x height)Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Chromosomes

• Contain the genetic information (DNA)

• They are not visible except during cell division.

• Humans have 46• Fruit flies have 8• Carrots have 18

Sister ChromatidsCentromere

includes

is divided into is divided into

Concept Map

Cell Cycle

M phase (Mitosis)

Interphase

G1 phase S phase ProphaseG2 phase Metaphase TelophaseAnaphase

M phase

G2 phase

S phase

G1 phase

Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

• Interphase: the “in-between” period of growth; longest & busiest phase of the cell cycle

• During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides into 2 daughter cells, then each begin the cycle again.

Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Anaphase

Individual chromosomes

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

CentrioleChromosomes

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Interphase: Cell Growth

• G1 cells are growing, synthesizing proteins and organelles.

• S: chromosomes are replicated• G2: organelles and other molecules

required for cell division are produced

Mitosis

• It is divided into 4 phases• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase

Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Prophase

• First and longest phase.• Centrioles separate and move to opposite

sides of the nucleus.• Centrioles help to organize the spindle

fibers• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes• Nuclear envelope breaks down.

Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Metaphase

• The chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell (at the equator).

• Each chromosome is connected to the spindle fiber by the centromere.

Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Anaphase

• The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart to opposite poles.

Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Telophase

• Chromosomes begin to untangle.• Two nuclear envelopes will form• Spindle begins to break down.• Nucleolus becomes visible.

Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Cytokinesis

• The cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

• In plants the cells do not separate but form a cell plate between the 2 nuclei and the cell wall starts to form.

Results of Cell Division

• 2 daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as the original (parent) cell.

• Ex. 24 → 2 cells each with 24• All of our body cells go through mitosis.• Mitosis is used for growth and

development, healing, & when cells die from old age.

Cell Growth & Division. Limits to Cell Growth DNA “Overload”: if a cell gets to big, DNA cannot...

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