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CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION
Unit 7
WARMUP MARCH 13 #
Chromosome
DNA is coiled to conserve space in a structure called a
chromosome. When the DNA copies to prepare for mitosis,
the two copies are each called chromatids and are connected for a while in a
doubled chromosome.Turn in Warm-up journals today! Make sure EVERY page is NUBMERED and DATED!
CELL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIOS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuG4ZZ1
GbzI&feature=related
REASONS FOR CELL DIVISION 1. Maintain a workable
volume to surface area ratio; volume increases faster than surface area in cells a larger surface area: volume
ratio is preferable. 2. Growth- multicellular
organisms must increase in the number of cells to grow
3. Repair and replacement of cells lost due to injury or cell death requires cell division.
Larger surface area: volume ratio
Smaller surface area: volume ratio
WARMUP MARCH. 14TH #31
MitosisThis type of ASEXUAL cell division
makes exact copies of a cell. It is part of a cell’s life cycle, after normal growth. The
phases of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
Telophase. (PMAT) One parent cell divides to become two
daughter cells.
MeiosisA form of SEXUAL
reproduction. This type of cell division creates
gametes or sex cells. These are haploid or have
½ the number of chromosomes so that the
zygote has the correct number after fertilization.
CELL REPRODUCTION VIDEOTAKE NOTES, AND YOU WILL BE SUMMARIZING WHEN WE ARE FINISHED WATCHING
DNA (3 mins) Mitosis (2:30) Mitosis Phases (2:19)
MITOSIS SONG http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=HYKesI9jL8c
EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE Interphase: Longest part
of the cell cycle; DNA replication takes place, carries out life functions Chromatin: condensed
DNA and proteins, (will form a chromosome)
Chromatid: identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, attached at centromere
Doubled chromosome: nicely packaged and duplicated DNA
INTERPHASE INCLUDES G1, SYNTHESIS, G2
Here is what’s happening in each phase
MITOSIS Prophase: Chromosomes visible,
spindles form Metaphase: chromosomes move
to middle (equator) of the cell Anaphase: doubled chromosomes
separate, chromatids move to opposite ends of cell
Telophase:spindles breakdown, nuclear envelope appears
Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm Plant Cells: cell plate is produced
and will become cell wall Results:Results: Two identical
cells that are diploid (2n) (have two of each chromosome- one from mother and one from father)
–The diploid number for our cells is 46 chromosomes
PROBLEMS WITH MITOSIS Cancer: Uncontrolled cell
division A cancerous lung tumor Benign when it is localized
to one area, malignant whencancer cells are in blood stream and move to another part of the body
MITOSIS – CUT AND PASTE Pg. 7E Cut out the pictures and place them in the
CORRECT order on a sheet of paper. Make sure to read the directions and LABEL Write the name of each phase under the
picture. ****On ONE SIDE (plant or animal cell side)
describe what is happening in each phase
Most Wanted Chromosome - Mr. Chrom.O.Some - DUE TUESDAY! Mr. Chrom.O.Some is wanted and is in Mitosis County. You must join in on the
search for Mr. Chrom.O.Some by completing the following. 1-Draw a picture of Mr. Chrom.O.Some
Write a story/description on the where abouts and happenings of Mr. Chrom.O.Some (during cell division) Include the following words in your story, and underline the words as you use them.
Chromosome Spindle Fibers Mitosis Centromere Chromatids Cell division Chromatin
3- Although this is a creative project/story, it should make logical sense. I should
be able to understand your story and clearly see that you understand the where abouts of a chromosome during cell division.
4- You will be graded using the following criteria: 8 points -creativity and neatness 32 points-accuracy of story- 2 pts for each word above
(Do you have an understanding of the terms used?)
InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesisParent CellDaughter CellIdentical
TICKET OUT THE DOOR Identify the
stages of the cell cycle in the picture.
1.Interphase 2. prophase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase
6. List two examples of asexual reproduction and briefly EXPLAIN.7. What is one ADVANTAGE of asexual reproduction? 8. What is one DISADVANTAGE of asexual reproduction?
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Asexual: one source of genetic
material, identical daughter cells Advantages: reproduction is fast, less
energy needed, no mate needed, Disadvantages: lack of genetic variation
(one thing could wipe out entire population)
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Binary Fission: cell divides
into 2 equally sized cells Budding: produce smaller
cells than parents (ex. hydra and yeast)
Sporulation - produces spores
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Vegetative
propagation: a portion of one plant produces a new identical plant
Regeneration: part of animal is repaired through cell division
DISCOVERY EDUCATION VIDEO NOTES
Write down one COMPLETE sentence OR draw a picture for each topic covered in the movie.
Introduction (2:30) Cell theory (3 mins) DNA (3 mins) Mitosis (2:30) Mitosis Phases (2:19) Bacteria and Binary fission (2 mins) Bacterial Reproduction (2 mins) Protists and Binary Fission (1:19) Budding (2 mins) Sporulation (1 min) Regeneration (2 min) Vegetative Propagation (3 mins) Parthenogenesis (1 min) Viral Reproduction (2 mins)
WARM-UP MARCH 15TH # 32
Asexual Reproduction
One parent One set of genetic
materialFast cell divisionIdentical offspring
(babies)
Sexual Reproduction
Two sets of genetic material
Slower reproductionVariation (differences)
in offspring (babies)
TICKET OUT THE DOOR 1. List two examples of asexual reproduction
and briefly EXPLAIN. 2. What is one ADVANTAGE of asexual
reproduction? 3. What is one DISADVANTAGE of asexual
reproduction? 3. How is sexual reproduction different from
asexual reproduction?
WHITEFISH MITOSIS SLIDES
TICKET OUT THE DOOR 1. Give two examples of asexual reproduction
and briefly explain. 2. How is sexual reproduction different from
asexual reproduction. 3. Disadvantages of asexual reproduction? 4. Place the phases of the cell cycle and
mitosis in the correct order and give the name of the phase.
WARMUP MARCH 15TH #32Homologous ChromosomesEach species has a specific
number of chromosomes. Humans have 46
chromosomes in 23 homologous pairs. Each
homologous pair has one chromosome from the
mother and one from the father.
Homologous chromosomes code for same traits.
Diploid and haploid
Somatic (body) cells are diploid, meaning that they
have pairs of chromosomes. When a cell undergoes meiosis to prepare for
sexual reproduction, the chromosome number must be reduced by half, creating
a haploid cell.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual: two sources of genetic material,
makes four haploid sex cells (gametes) Gametes: sperm and egg Advantages: genetic variation, Disadvantages: requires more time for
mating, risk of unfavorable genetic combinations
Fertilization
MEIOSIS:REQUIRES 2 DIVISIONS:
PHASES THE SAME AS MITOSIS
Meiosis I (1st division): Reduces the
chromosome number;
Result: 2 genetically different daughter cells
(1n) 23 chromsomes but are still doubled)
Meiosis II (2nd
division): Reduces the genetic material
Result: 4 genetically different haploid cells- these cells are GAMETES (sex cells- egg and sperm)Meiosis Animation
THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS ALLOWS FOR LOTS OF VARIATION (DIFFERENCES)
Variation as a result of: Crossing Over: a part of
one chromosome can switch places with the same part another homologous chromosome .
Random Assortment: of chromosomes allows a mix of chromosomes from both parents
Random Fertilization :of any egg by any sperm allows for lots of variation
MEIOSIS SUMMARY Include the following words in a summary:
Meiosis,sexual reproductionhomologous chromosomesdiploid parent cellhaploid daughter cells4 gametescrossing-overgenetic recombinationVariation
TICKET OUT THE DOORWord BankTraits Asexual Sexual TwoFour Diploid MitosisCrossing over Interphase Haploid
1. The number of cells produced as a result of meiosis is ________.
2. Homologous chromosomes code for same ________.
3. Meiosis is used for _________ reproduction.4. The process that allows for genetic variation is
called _________ during meiosis.5. During meiosis the chromosome number must be
reduced by half, creating a ________ cell
MEIOSIS SQUARE DANCE http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iCL6d0OwKt8&feature=related
WARM-UP MARCH 16TH #33 Crossing-Over When homologous
chromosomes pair up during prophase I of meiosis a part of one chromosome switches places with the other. Since they are coding for the same traits this process produces more variation in the offspring.
Nondisjunction
When homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis resulting in cells with too many or too few chromosomes.
PROBLEMS WITH MEIOSIS: Mutations: changes in
the DNA before meiosis or mitosis begins
Nondisjunction: homologous chromosomes do not separate resulting in one too many or one too few chromosomes Ex. Down syndrome :
trisomy 21
Nondisjunction Animation
Karyotype- a picture of the chromosomes
NONDISJUNCTION
COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
TICKET OUT THE DOOR 1. How many cells are produced as a result of
Meiosis? 2. If a parent cell has 4 chromosomes and
goes through MEIOSIS, how many chromosomes would the daughter cells contain?
3. Meiosis is used for (sexual or asexual) reproduction?
4. EXPLAIN the process of crossing-over.
WARM-UPTake out pg. 92 and complete the mitosis and meiosis comparison chart
Get out case studyGet out problem solving
WARM-UP OCT.4 #27 Draw and label the following pictures.
Identify and label cells as haploid OR diploid.